Rural Development Strategies
Year:2015 | Volume:2 | Issue:3|Papers Count:8

Appropriate use of non-conventional water resources including surface runoff and sewage is produced an issue that has emerged as a necessity particularly in Iran. This thread has been created specifically in Tehran. The current study was aimed to investigate the economic value of sewage at Agricultural Sector in South of Tehran with produced approach in the contaminated and clean area. From the results, the average yield of wheat production among the farmers from polluted water was 376 kg ha-1 more than farmers who used clean water. Moreover, the economic value of water was 110 Rials more than farmers who used clean water. According to the results, the total value of wastewater in Tehran in 1405 would be equivalent to 335, 480 million Rials. The priorities for interests of irrigation using wastewater from an agricultural perspective suggests that availability and reliability of wastewater than other water sources and low cost of its use is the most important benefit. The next priority result of irrigation with wastewater is increasing crop yield and improving soil fertility. This explains why farmers despite the legal prohibition of the use of untreated sewage continue to utilize this source of irrigation water.

Giving the importance to management of agricultural units, politics decision based on cultivation method containing the goals priority of agricultural units will get important and selecting a method which can include variety of managers goals and guide them to optimum goals is so important and serious. Therefore, in this study to determine the optimum model using linear programming method (single goal) and planning CGP (Multi choice goal) have placed. Information required through completing 188 questionnaires from farmers functions two-stage cluster sampling Torbat-of-classified to 1394, respectively. The results showed that the cultivation of wheat to the primary level increased and decreased alfalfa product. Barley in small and medium-scale crop farms and large farms without change to the primary level has increased and sugar beet in small-scale farms and in the fields of medium and large scale increase is unchanged means pattern is removed. The cotton crop in small farms and farms of medium and large scale unchanged compared to the initial level decreased.

The marketing behavior of olive farmers is different and their behavior is affected by several factors. Because of the strategic importance of olive in the agricultural economics of the Tarom Township, this descriptive - correlational study was aimed to investigate the marketing behavior of olive farmers and the relevant factors effective in the Tarom Township. The statistical population under study consisted of all of the olive farmers in the Tarom Township in 2013 (N=7500) 160 of whom were selected by randomized multi-stage sampling based on Cochran's sampling formula. The research tool was a questionnaire whose validity was verified by a panel of experts in this field and its reliability were obtained by calculating the Cronbach's alpha coefficient greater than 0.7 for composite indices. The results showed that olive farmers market their olive products by three methods named as green, canned and broken and the variables of age, olive price, quantity and quality of production, size of garden, number of participants in extension classes and risk taking status have a significant relationship with marketing behavior of the farmers.

Jazmoryan Wetland is one of the most sensitive ecosystems in the South East of the country which is declining due to dam construction in upstream as well as deficiency of environmental water supply. The wetland seem to dry out due to its geographical location and construction of Bampour Diversion Dam and Jiroft Reservoir Dam on major rivers flowing to this wetland. One of the solutions proposed by some researchers to restore the aquatic environments is to fallow some parts of irrigated lands fed by water behind the dams and release these resources. Hence, the present study was aimed to investigate the feasibility of implementing low crop planting plan to restore Jazmoryan wetland. The study was run by using data from 212 questionnaires in 2014. In order to analyze the factors affecting the participation of farmers in the project, a two-stage Heckman method consisting of two patterns of probit and linear regression was used. The results of probit pattern showed that variables of acreage, education, occupation, number of household members and income of farmers had a significant effects on their willingness to participate in the restoration of Jazmoryan wetland. However, according to the results of linear regression pattern, variables of acreage, age, education, marriage status, number of household members and income had a significant effects on the willingness of farmers to participate in the restoration of Jazmoryan wetland. According to the results, 61% of farmers were not willing to participate in the proposed plan. It is suggested that if the government is willing to implement low-crop planting project, the percentage of participation in the plan will be increased by developing appropriate lateral plans and presenting solutions which are accepted by the farmers.

The aim of this study is to investigate the current situation of social forestry in the villages of the Margon district in Boyer-Ahmad County. For data collection, two groups that consist of 15 forestry experts were used. They were selected with census and target sampling. Also 25 rural people who were selected with snowball sampling were studied. For preparation of study instrument, at first we focused on group interview with experts and exploratory interviews with rural people. The SWOT protocol in the format of open-ended questions was used with them.35 structured and unit Likret’s questionnaire were prepared for the two groups based on the results. SPSS20 and Excel2010 were used in order to analyze the collected data. The findings revealed that the main strengths of social forestry was various forest development projects such as Toba and the fundamental efforts made for the development of marginal activities such as beekeeping and fisheries. On the other hand, a key weakness was lack of funding and loans for developing social forestry. Furthermore, establishing an educational and scientific station with the aim at regenerating scion and developing ecotourism were the most valuable opportunities in the study area. In contrast, the lack of governmental management, monitoring and planning and illegal use of forest land were the biggest threats in forestry villages of the Margon district. The findings also showed that the social forestry in the area was in an undesirable condition. Finally, the first diverse strategy to implement was recommended for improving social forestry in the study villages.

Entrepreneurial enterprises have the potential to create new business opportunities and provide alternative income sources for rural populations. Vermicompost production provides diversified income for farmers using livestock manure as well as agricultural residues and household wastes. The economic, social, cultural, and environmental importance of vermicompost technology has made it a unique opportunity for rural households to maintain food security and sustainable livelihood. However, this technology has not yet been diffused across rural population in the Kermanshah Province. Therefore, the purpose of this design was to determine the constraints and challenges of vermicompost technology development in the case of active sites in the Kermanshah Province by using a qualitative study and a well-established theoretical approach. The population for this study comprised of all vermicompost producers in the Kermanshah province (N=52). A purposeful sample of 21 producers with a minimum of two years of experience in vermicompost production participated in the study. Data was collected using deep and semi-structured interviews. Open, axial, and selective coding was used to analyze the data. The results revealed that the following constraints and challenges impede the development of vermicompost technology: low production during the winter, high prices for the customers, lack of technical and marketing skills among the producers, lack of efficient support and monitoring, weak adoption process due to cultural beliefs, and inefficient extension and diffusion by public institutions.

This study is aimed at investigating rural women's awareness of and use of rural ICT service offices. The statistical population consisted of 5018 over 15- year- old literate rural women in 16 villages with ICT offices in the Shahreza County. Using the Cochran’s formula, 190 rural women were selected as the sample and stratified proportional random sampling questionnaire was distributed by stratified sampling with proportional allocation in the villages. The results show that the highest level of awareness of the services is awareness of basic services, social services, educational services, information services and financial services, respectively and the highest number of those going to these offices want to receive basic services, information services, social services, educational services and economic services, respectively. The results of the Friedman test showed a significant difference between rural women's awareness of five groups of services with 1 percent confidence in a way that their highest awareness is of basic services and their least awareness is of financial services. Furthermore, there is significant difference between rural women's referring to ICT offices to receive five groups of services at 1 percent confidence in such a way that their most demand from the ICT offices is to receive basic services.

Depending on the use of pesticides and chemical pesticides, the human need for food has increased during recent decades. Due to the destruction effects of chemical toxins, adoption of bio and non-bio technologies identical with the sustainable agriculture such as pest control by natural enemies is taken into consideration by agriculture researchers. Hence, the process of adopting biological control technology is investigated at the farms of tomato in Jiroft County from 2010 to 2014. Why some farmers are faster to adopt this technology is investigated using duration analysis, which allows the timing of an event to be explored in a dynamic framework. The empirical results highlight the negative importance of age variable, and positive effect of farm size and attitude to control biologic. In this study, due to the use of survival analysis model, it was possible to evaluate the effects of time dependent variables, including production price and years of knowledge about biological control on speed of adoption. Therefore, it was clear that if the price of the product is increase during the year, the probability of adoption is increased. Moreover, if the farmer has been informed about biological control technology, earlier the technology adoption rate increases.