Journal of Social-Political Studies of Iran's Culture and History
Year:2024 | Volume:3. | Issue:1|Papers Count:20

The research problem of the present study is to examine the ideology of the People's Party of Iran and investigate its programs in political, social, and economic arenas. Through an analytical and descriptive approach to historical sources and data, responses to the aforementioned problem were provided. Based on the research results, the party, according to its periodical analysis, assessed Iranian society on the brink of a social transformation and promoted a program grounded in an ideology aimed at realizing this transformation. The ideology in question was socialism based on theism, emphasizing a religious identity in its monotheistic form while also considering moral and humanistic socialism. Additionally, in the political arena, the party sought to overthrow the monarchical system and establish a democratic system. In social and economic arenas, it pursued socialist transformation focusing on fundamental rights and freedoms of the people, eradicating poverty and unemployment, providing jobs and bread, and ensuring conditions for education and healthcare for all. The party also aimed to adopt a national economic policy and pursue programs for economic growth and development, strengthening domestic production, and equitable wealth distribution, administrative reorganization, and more. The strategy for transition in this program was based on the premise that due to the incompetence of the old system in responding to the people's demands and the inability of social classes to seize power through classical means, a political and revolutionary group must strip the ruling class of political and governmental power through widespread and extensive struggle, replace them, and realize transformation and change in all social aspects.

Health and development are crucial indicators of societal progress, and addressing these issues is a priority for all societies. Accordingly, the present study aimed to explain and sociologically analyze the impact of media on health socialization and economic development among the citizens of Doroud. This research is applied in terms of its goal and descriptive-survey in terms of its method. The statistical population included the citizens of Doroud, with a sample size of 768 determined using Cochran's formula. The research tool was a questionnaire, whose validity and reliability were assessed. The findings of the research indicated a significant relationship between media institution performance, media content, and media consumption with the variable of health socialization. Additionally, there is a significant relationship between the variable of health socialization and economic development and its dimensions, including (per capita income, purchasing power parity, sustainable income, human development, poverty, and unemployment). It can be concluded that media, as one of the most important social fields, can improve the context for enhancing health and well-being. Therefore, it is crucial to target health planning by responsible and related institutions in the media sector to involve various social classes in raising the cultural, social, and economic levels of urban households.

The emergence and occurrence of certain significant domestic and transnational events have always influenced the trajectory of the foreign policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Ultimately, these factors have led to the current direction of the executive branch's will in the Thirteenth Administration, which is embodied in the adherence to the "Look to the East" approach, with China at the forefront. Today, China, due to its high standing in the contemporary world and its comprehensive growth and development, especially in the economic and commercial spheres, is considered a model for other countries, particularly developing nations. The main concern has been the impact of the foreign policy approach of "Looking to the East" on Iran's economic interests. Based on the realist approach, China, by prioritizing economic regionalism and creating synergy between its geopolitical and geoeconomic positions in East Asia, seeks to balance the Pacific axis with the Atlantic axis led by the United States. Therefore, responding to the Pacific axis led by China is not a choice for Iran but a strategic necessity. The research findings indicate that the "Look to the East" policy aims to secure economic and geopolitical interests and to find a strategic partner for the Islamic Republic of Iran.

Adherence to peace is adherence to the rights of governments and natural and legal persons and guarantees progress and development, which needs to be institutionalized in their structure and existence and transformed into a global culture and the world is placed on the original foundation of peace. But the question is raised, why the hidden war is not imagined in the world of existence and real peace. The truth is that peace is faced with gaps that prevent its realization. Therefore, the main question of this research is: What are the gaps in world peace? The data and results of this research show that self-interest, heterogeneity and imbalance are the gaps in world peace that prevent its realization. This article seeks to explain and describe those gaps with regard to the political studies of the contemporary history of Iran. Data and information have been examined in a library and field manner and then described and analyzed.

Relations between countries are based on economic, security, geographical and cultural conditions. Although the status of these factors is changing in the age of globalization, it is not true to say that these factors do not affect the relations between the two countries. As neighbors, Iran and Azerbaijan have cultural, historical and religious commonalities. Nevertheless, the relations between the two countries have faced certain challenges. One of the main challenges has been the Nagorno-Karabakh issue, which has been addressed in this research on both security and economic levels. This research was conducted with the aim of investigating the economic and security consequences of the Karabakh conflict on the Islamic Republic of Iran. The main question is how the Karabakh conflict can have economic and security consequences for the Islamic Republic of Iran. The findings indicate that the consequences and challenges in these two areas are within the scope of the positions of the Islamic Republic, the conflict in the field of energy and relations between Azerbaijan and Israel, along with the confrontation and the introduction of politics and ideology regarding the economic relations of these two countries. This research is done using descriptive-analytical method.

The aim of this research is to analyze the colonial trade strategy of the Netherlands with Iran during the Safavid period in the Persian Gulf. This paper attempts to evaluate and study the strategy and manner of trade of Dutch merchants, particularly the Dutch East India Company, with the traders of the Persian Gulf region and the Safavid government. It seeks to answer the question: What was the strategy of the Dutch in trading with the Safavid government and the traders of the Persian Gulf region, and what consequences did this strategy have for the Dutch East India Company and the Safavid government? The research method in this article is descriptive-analytical, and the information gathering method is library research. If we consider Spain and Portugal as pioneers of classical colonialism in the 16th and 17th centuries, undoubtedly the Netherlands, with the establishment of the Dutch East India Company, was a forerunner in commercial colonization of the Eastern lands. The Dutch East India Company, utilizing its naval fleet and traversing the seas, sought highly profitable goods, particularly Indian spices and Iranian silk, along with other commodities of the East. In this context, the Persian Gulf and the Sea of Oman, which had strategic connections with the Indian Ocean, held geostrategic importance for Dutch merchants,therefore, Dutch traders and sailors focused their trade predominantly on these areas. By adopting a strategy of trade monopoly and eliminating competitors, they employed a diverse set of tactics for trading with the merchants and the Safavid government, as well as the local governments of these regions. In line with this, the Dutch East India Company, with a flexible and thoroughly profit-driven approach towards the Iranian government and Iranian traders, utilized a range of tactics such as unfair contracts, collusion, barter trade, transport of goods and passengers, and smuggling of coins and goods. With this strategy, it was able to secure a larger share of Persian Gulf trade compared to other colonial competitors like England.

Architecture has always been connected to fundamental thought in some way. It appears that the Sheikh Safi al-Din Ardabili complex, as one of the important centers of mysticism and Sufism, is also influenced by mystical ideas and concepts, which have impacted the formation of its architecture. The Sheikh Safi al-Din complex was constructed over various periods,however, historical texts state that Sadr al-Din Musa, the son and successor of the Sheikh, designed the order and structure of the mausoleum himself and was inspired to the architect through a dream. Therefore, it may be possible to recognize the connection of this complex's architecture with mystical thought and concepts. Examining the evolution of the architecture of the Sheikh Safi al-Din Ardabili's khanqah (Sufi lodge) and mausoleum complex reveals that this cultural and historical monument is one of the missing links in Iranian art between the 8th century AH and the first quarter of the 12th century AH, holding significant importance in studying the architectural developments of khanqah and mausoleum structures in Iran and the Islamic world. This article aims to investigate the development and historical transformations of the architectural complex of Sheikh Safi al-Din Ardabili up to the contemporary era. The present research is applied in terms of its purpose and historical, descriptive-analytical based on its nature and method. Although conventional research methods such as library research and internet searches were employed to collect information, observation, field visits, and studies have been the primary methods throughout various stages of the research. To align interpretations and perceptions with existing realities, the site was visited multiple times, and analytical and interpretive methods were used to analyze the information. The results showed that many valuable buildings in the Sheikh Safi al-Din Ardabili khanqah and mausoleum complex, which provide useful information in the field of archaeology and architecture of this religious monument, have disappeared. If they remain, they have taken on different forms over time and with changing periods. Comparing the current structures with the architectural spaces of the Safavid and pre-Safavid eras, as recorded in historical documents and the latest archaeological evidence, will prove the extent and former religious grandeur of this historical educational and religious institution during its peak period. Some architectural remains have disappeared, and their traces are hidden in the eastern and northeastern areas of the complex. In other words, although there is no precise knowledge about the extent of the complex during its peak period, it can be imagined that the volume of architecture and the current area of the complex, 135, 320 square meters (excluding the organized and modern development and construction sections of the 1990s to 2010s in the northern and western sides of the complex), was more than twice the current extent.

Islamic art, particularly in the realms of architecture and related decorations, is characterized by unique and aesthetic subtleties. Decoration has played a prominent role in the history of Iranian architecture, maintaining its dynamism and continuity from ancient times to the present day. For example, Iranian artists, especially during the post-Seljuk period, utilized small turquoise-glazed tile pieces for buildings, and the Safavid era can be considered the pinnacle of exterior decoration of structures. In Islamic-Iranian structures, the dome is considered one of the most symbolic elements of Islamic architecture, which received significant attention during the Safavid period. Although dome decorations began prominently during the Timurid era, they reached their peak during the Safavid period. This study aims to introduce and examine the dome of the prominent Sheikh Lotfollah Mosque to further analyze and understand the Safavid approach and interest in this type of decoration. In the present research, a descriptive-analytical method utilizing library tools has been employed for analysis. The dome of Sheikh Lotfollah Mosque, both in terms of form and the harmony in its motifs and colors, exemplifies the best possible representation of the harmony between form and meaning. This dome is a tangible manifestation of the congruence between form and meaning in Islamic architecture.

This study examines the impact of audience media literacy on combating fake news from the perspective of experts. The research method is applied and qualitative, utilizing in-depth interviews with research experts, including university professors, media experts and specialists, and media practitioners. The research tool was a semi-structured interview, and the statistical population of the study comprised three groups: university professors, media experts and specialists, and media practitioners. The reason for selecting these three groups was to utilize the experiences of all individuals proficient in the research topic to address the concept under investigation from all angles. The research sampling method was the snowball method, and the number of samples was determined based on the principle of reaching theoretical saturation. Accordingly, 11 interviews were conducted. After collecting the interview texts and thoroughly analyzing the experts' experiences, the descriptive phenomenology method based on the Husserlian approach was used to analyze the data obtained from the interviews. According to the research results, the codes extracted from the expert interviews were divided into three categories: 1) literacy related to the nature and purpose of the news, 2) literacy related to the audience, 3) literacy related to the news publisher.

The present article aims to examine the discourse of the Shokufeh newspaper as the second women's experience in the field of journalism, emphasizing the elevation of women's status in the post-Constitutional Revolution period, and the issue of education as a tool for entering the social arena. Women had already shown active participation in the pre-Constitutional era, particularly in the Tobacco Protest and the establishment of the National Bank. Therefore, the main research question of the present study is based on what ideal and demand the writers of the Shokufeh newspaper chose as their main discourse, considering the changes in the social living conditions of women in the post-Constitutional period. Additionally, within the framework of their society, what causes and factors did they consider as obstacles to their flourishing status and as deterrents? Based on the examination of the remaining issues of the Shokufeh newspaper, employing the content analysis method, the hypothesis of the present article is formulated that the Shokufeh newspaper, like most women's newspapers of this period, advocates for women's entry into the social arena within the religious discourse of Islam and does not tend towards creating religious opposition. The findings of the research indicate that the writers of this newspaper, by repeating equality, freedom, social rights equality, and women's entry into the social arena, highlighted these themes in society while considering a portion of women and the patriarchal or customary society as the main obstacles to achieving these goals.

This research is a systematic study aimed at analyzing and explaining the ethical relationship between humans and God within the national curriculum, and presenting a moral-educational model. In this paper, an attempt has been made to use a documentary-analytical method to infer and analyze the criteria for the human-God relationship in the national curriculum based on Islamic theological ethics and inspired by the Holy Qur'an. Subsequently, the fundamental criteria derived from the curriculum analysis concerning the human-God relationship are presented as a moral-educational model. The results indicate that in the model of theological ethics and the ladder of spiritual ascension towards God, the primary goal of rational contemplation, which is the first step, results in nurturing the intellectual discernment regarding God among students. Based on the goal of knowledge, which is the second step, we aim to strengthen the use of reason in recognizing the Creator of humans and the universe, who is the cause and foundation of the orderly existence, among students. Based on the goal of faith, which is the third step, we provide a context where students can, through rational recognition, achieve heartfelt and practical faith in the Creator of existence. On the fourth step, we encourage students to apply faith based on rational recognition in adhering to divine commands in their personal, social, and natural lives as an acknowledgment of His blessings. Finally, on the fifth step, in the concept of ethics, which is the most significant goal and, in reality, the axis of worldly life and the bridge to the afterlife, we encourage and nurture students to observe ethics based on rational, scientific, and faithful actions towards the Creator of existence, with the aim of realizing theology and progressing towards the pure life of this world and the hereafter, and approaching God.

The present study was conducted with the aim of presenting a model of cultural navigation within Iran's cultural domains. The research methodology utilized is qualitative and is based on the grounded theory strategy. For data collection, the tool of in-depth interviews was employed. The target population consisted of academic experts, managers, and senior experts in cultural domains who were involved in cultural processes and decision-making. Using purposive sampling, theoretical saturation was achieved after 15 in-depth interviews. In the grounded theory approach applied in this study, through three stages of open, axial, and selective coding, 20 general categories were identified within a paradigmatic framework, including causal conditions, contextual conditions, intervening conditions, central categories, strategies, and outcomes. The results showed that cultural navigation in Iran's cultural domains is realized through causal conditions (organizational structure, economic factors, cultural and ideological factors, and laws and policies), contextual conditions (strengthening cultural capital, education, organizational climate, and cultural employment), intervening conditions (cultural rights, media space creation, and governmental and institutional policies), central categories (cultural awareness, cultural communication skills, and cultural conflict management), and outcomes (shaping a new paradigm, value creation on a macro level, and developing organizational culture excellence).

In the legal system of Iran, there is no precise ruling regarding the recoverable damages when the buyer is unaware that the sold item belongs to someone else. The legislator, merely following the opinions of Imamiyyah jurists, has affirmed the possibility of claiming damages without defining the scope and limits of the ignorant buyer's claims from the seller in the event of the invalidity of the sale. This issue has become a challenge in the current economic conditions, considering the inflation rate index and the change in the real value of the price, which, in most cases, is money. Legal scholars have also considered this, meaning the exchange of goods for money in the definition of a sale. The issue has become a point of contention in judicial practice, legal scholars' opinions, and religious decrees. In an unauthorized sale, if the original owner rejects the transaction and takes possession of the sold item, the buyer can demand not only the return of the price but also compensation for other damages from the seller, provided that they were unaware of the unauthorized nature of the transaction at the time (Articles 262, 263, 324, 325, and 312 of the Civil Code). The law is not explicit about what recoverable damages from the seller are and what constitutes them. It only refers to the buyer's right to claim damages in Articles 263 and 391 without specifying the type, amount, or manner of recoverable damages, leaving the matter unaddressed. In contrast, the Egyptian Civil Code, drawing from the theory of relative nullity of contracts, has precisely clarified this issue.

The objective of this research is to analyze psychological development in public policy and sustainable development in Iran. This descriptive-analytical study employs the analysis of data collected through library research to elucidate the topic of the present research. Development is a complex process influenced by multiple indicators. Various theories have been proposed concerning development, each emphasizing specific aspects of the causes and factors contributing to development. These theories have focused on indicators such as geography, politics, international conditions, and others. One of the most crucial dimensions of achieving development, namely the role of psychological factors in the process of public policy formulation in Iran, has been less explored compared to other dimensions of development. Therefore, the present research addresses the role and position of psychological factors in Iran's development as a strong motivator for this investigation within the process of public policy in Iran. The findings indicate that despite the involvement of various individuals and institutions in the process of public policy formulation in our country, there are shortcomings in this area, particularly the minimal emphasis on the psychological approach. In other words, the psychological approach has not been addressed to the same extent as other sociological, political, and cultural approaches in development. Therefore, it can be concluded that psychological development, by fostering reconstructed attitudes, leads to the realization of good governance and development based on desirable policies in Iran.

The present study was conducted with the aim of providing a political marketing model in the presidential elections of the Islamic Republic of Iran. The research method used was qualitative and based on the grounded theory strategy. For data collection, in-depth interview tools were utilized. The target population consisted of academic experts, senior managers, and experts in political fields who were involved in the processes and decisions of political marketing. Through purposive sampling, theoretical saturation was achieved after 15 in-depth interviews. In the grounded theory approach, this research went through three stages of open, axial, and selective coding, resulting in 22 general categories and 105 subcategories, organized into a paradigm that includes causal conditions, contextual factors, intervening conditions, central categories, strategies, and outcomes. The results indicated that political marketing in the presidential elections of the Islamic Republic of Iran is realized through causal conditions (political structure, individual factors, ideological factors, and laws and policies), contextual factors (identifying competitors, understanding the political situation, identifying groups and political segmentation, and ranking the electoral domains), intervening conditions (technological changes, media framing, and international pressures), central categories (political awareness, effective marketing and advertising, and understanding the needs of the voting market), strategies (value creation for voters, designing appropriate products aligned with the main demands of the voting market, continuous environmental monitoring, and optimal networking in elections), and outcomes (shaping a new paradigm of political marketing, branding, and the development of political discourse in elections).

Considering the history of the Seljuks, the bureaucracy of this period holds a special status, and an examination of the reforms by Seljuk reformers reveals the capabilities of bureaucratic elites and the potential strength of this institution. Kamal al-Mulk Samirami (Ministry: 1119-1121 CE) was among these political elites, who, with his reformist mindset and experience in bureaucratic matters, managed to resolve the political and economic challenges through the implementation of certain economic reforms. Despite the weakening of the ministry at that time, as the minister of Sultan Mahmud Seljuk (1117-1131 CE), he endeavored to address the existing political and economic disconnections through swift reforms. Given the political and economic crises during Sultan Mahmud’s reign, the minister also employed his efforts in implementing economic reforms. This research, using a descriptive-analytical method and a library-based approach, focuses on reviewing Kamal al-Mulk's era, his political background, and his most significant economic reforms during his two-year ministry. The findings of the study indicate that after achieving relative success in political reforms, Samirami took important steps to advance economic reforms in areas such as the regulation of taxes, the establishment of the Diwan al-Mufradat (Office of Singularities), the improvement of agriculture and animal husbandry, and the promotion of trade, as well as the distribution of monetary grants. Although, due to the power of his opponents and the eventual weakening of the minister, his adversaries ultimately removed him, his efforts resolved some of the political instability of Sultan Mahmud's era and paved the way for subsequent reformers such as Darghazini and Kamal al-Din Khazin.

The objective of the present study was to examine the media in Iran and the Kurdistan Region and their approaches to political-social crises. This research is descriptive-analytical in terms of methodology. To achieve a documented conclusion, the approach of Iranian media towards two crises—COVID-19 and the 2019 floods—was examined, as well as the approach of Kurdistan media towards three crises: the economic (budget) crisis, COVID-19, and ISIS. The findings indicated that the IRNA news agency, IRIB, and Fars News Agency exhibited relatively subjective behavior towards the COVID-19 crisis due to various reasons, including differences in political perspectives. Additionally, in the 2019 flood crisis, the national media did not perform adequately, with the most notable shortcoming being the minimal representation of the public, particularly the affected population, in the news. Moreover, Kurdistan's media did not properly manage the ISIS crisis, as they failed to adhere to media ethics, did not provide specific media coverage of the war, were influenced by the impacts of war and violence propaganda, misinterpreted terminology, created imbalance, and disseminated biased and fake content. Similarly, during the COVID-19 crisis, the media instilled fear and panic in the Kurdistan society. In the economic and budget crisis, the media also failed to act without bias and were influenced by external factors.

The implementation of the criminal justice system and the frontline of it, officers and prosecutors, collides with the restriction of the rights and freedoms of individuals. From prosecution, arrest, interrogation, notification and investigation to execution of sentence, it is directly in conflict with individual and public rights. However, despite the importance of the role of officers in this field, challenges are seen,For this purpose, in this research, the preservation of individual rights during the criminal process by the judicial officers has been investigated using a descriptive-analytical method. In the discussion of legislation, the legislator did not mention the right to remain silent. Also, some important cases such as explanation of charges and the right of access to a lawyer are not included in Article 63, while this issue is one of the most important defense rights of the persons under investigation. Another challenge in this field is the lack of attention to the training of officers and their specialization, which arises from problems such as parallel work and similarity of duties, lack of unity of command, and the existence of multiple intelligence centers,that these challenges affect the human dignity and rights of the accused, and the solutions to deal with the challenges of exercising the duties and powers of judicial officers, providing experienced human resources and facilities and equipment, cooperation and coordination of the custodial institutions, and using the experiences of other countries.

The purpose of this article is to investigate the effects of globalization on citizenship rights in Tehran. Citizenship rights are one of the main indicators of civil society, which is affected by various factors, including globalization. For this purpose, the theory of Marshall and Anthony Giddens was used as a theoretical framework. The research method is a survey, and the statistical population is people aged 20 and older in Tehran. The sampling method is a multi-stage cluster proportional to the size of the population of each of the 22 districts of Tehran, and the sample size is 384 people according to Morgan's table. The tool for data collection is a researcher-made questionnaire. The method of data analysis is Pearson's correlation coefficient and regression analysis using SPSS software. Face validity was used to measure validity and the measurement tool has the required reliability and the variable reliability of citizenship rights is 0. 876 and globalization is 0. 823. The findings of the research showed that the average citizenship rights among people are relatively high and its average is 3. 14. About 36. 6 percent consider their citizenship rights to be low. About 26. 1% consider the level of citizenship rights to be moderate and about 37. 3% to be high. There is a significant positive and direct relationship between globalization and citizenship rights (r=0. 378). That is, the more positive the attitude towards globalization becomes, the more citizenship rights increase. The social dimension component of globalization with a coefficient of 0. 378 and the economic dimension component with a coefficient of 0. 238 have the highest and lowest correlation with citizenship rights, respectively. Globalization and its four dimensions (social, cultural, economic and political) explain and predict about 19. 5% of the variance and changes in citizenship rights. The result is that in order to increase the amount of citizenship rights, it is necessary to pay attention to globalization and its dimensions, especially the social dimension of globalization.

The purpose of this research is to model exchange rate fluctuations in creating the advantage of foreign trade in the framework of a resistance economy system, and we are looking for an answer to the question of whether changes in exchange rates affect the return on assets in the framework of an asset pricing model based on foreign trade in the economic system. Is resistance effective? And if it is effective, is this effect positive or negative? Resistance economics is a literature that has been proposed to deal with international sanctions. Iran's economy must now take steps based on the right principles so that it can overcome international sanctions and turn the threat of sanctions into an opportunity. Those principles and foundations that Iran's economy should have have created a literature called resistance economy. Monetary and financial policies should be specified in this economic literature and we should always answer the question of what we are looking for in the policies we do. In order to understand how monetary and financial policies, etc. should be and what direction they should follow, we must first have a correct understanding of Iran's economy and the main problem of Iran's economy. For example, a policy is implemented with a goal, but then it becomes clear that not only have we not reached the goal, but we have moved away from it. Based on this, in the literature of resistance economy, first of all, we should know what is the main problem of Iran's economy? After that, we have to identify the right way to deal with the problem, and that is where we can talk about monetary and financial policies and all kinds of other policies. Exchange rate regimes and its fluctuations can have serious consequences for countries' economies. Theoretically, the exchange rate affects inflation, foreign trade, capital account and other key macroeconomic variables. The results of the trade balance model show that the nominal exchange rate has a negative effect on the trade balance. While the real exchange rate has a positive relationship with the trade balance. For example, we can refer to Iran between 1959 and 2003, where the devaluation of the national currency has increased the motivation to strengthen and produce non-oil exports. thousand million dollars compared to 1400. In this research, we are looking for an answer to the question: modeling exchange rate fluctuations on creating an advantage. What are the effects of foreign trade in the framework of the resistance economy system?