Year:2005 | Volume:- | Issue:25|Papers Count:13

The Modern world has experienced wonderful changes during last decades. In such an environment, we can expect social needs to be progressed. Among these needs, sport and physical activities are subject to dramatic changes. According to scientific findings, the majority of society is interested in free and informal physical activities in sport. In addition, we will analyze the importance of social priorities and needs in future strategies for sport. The questionnaires (Cronbach's alpha 89%) were sent to academies of physical education of universities of Iran. We received 169 completed questionnaires from 33 universities. 76% of subjects were male and 24% female. Statistical analysis included descriptive and factor analysis. The main finding of this study was the growing importance of sport for all the society. The above-mentioned development must include facilities and more investment on community sport. Our respondents believed that because of easier access to sport for all and in accordance with global trends, more attention must be paid to sport for all. Elite sport is not the main priority of modern life. Although the governments are interested in elite sport, social trend is toward sport for all. We found that sport for all is the main choice of people. Instead of engaging themselves in competitive sports, people prefer to participate in recreational (2) and informal activities. In accordance with modernized priorities of 21st century, in addition to elite sport, the program designers must focus on sport for all. Meanwhile, development of sport for all, in turn, will cause a development in elite sport.

This investigation intends to analyze the present process of talent identification in wrestling in Iran. In addition to studying and analyzing findings of the previous investigations, in the present study the writer tried to examine the viewpoints of wrestling coaches. The results show that a majority of coaches believe in a need for some conters to identify talents in wrestling. There is a meaningful difference in the priorities of the three anthropometrical, physical motor abilities, and psychological criteria. They think for each criterion, there are six important factors including anthropometrically being muscled and having wide shoulders, in biometric abilities being strong and fast, and psychologically being rival seeking and tactically intelligent. To compare two groups (supreme and nonsupreme) of wrestlers, it became clear that the supremes had wider shoulders, longer arms, bigger mesomerfical dimensions and lower percentage of fat. Also, they had significantly stronger arms and legs, more endurance in shoulder and abdominal muscles and better in agility. In addition, the supreme wrestlers were emotionally stable, practical and hard-working, self-sufficient, fearless and brave.

The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of vitamin E supplementation on oxidative stress at rest and post-exhaustive exercise in athlete students. 20 students voluntarily participated in the study and were randomly assigned to either a vitamin E group (daily dose of 450 mg of a tocopherol) or a placebo group. After and before & weeks, blood samples were collected at rest and post-exhaustive exercise. Oxidative stress markers, malondealdhede (MDA) or TBARS, carbonylic proteins (CP) and creatine kinase (CK), were measured. Effect of vitamin E on aerobic power as endurance performance was also evaluated. ANOVA and independent t-test indicated that vitamin E supplementation did not significantly change CP and CK at rest and post-exhaustive exercise and aerobic power, but MDA post-exhaustive exercise probably decreased.

The aim present study was to look at the effect of carbohydrate supplementation prior to a maximal exercise on white blood cells neutrophil, lymphocyte, total leukocyte, glucose and cortisol. Twenty college female athletes (average age of 99.10±1.41%m weight of 57±7.31Kg, VO2max of 49.15±8.95 ml/Kg/min) were selected and randomly divided into two groups of experimental (N-10) and control (N=10). The subjects in experimental group ingested 5cc of five percent carbohydrate solution per kilogram of their body weight prior to a maximal exercise (Bruce Test). In control group, the subjects ingested the same amount of solution with no carbohydrate at the same time. Blood samples were collected immediately before and two hours after the end of the exercise. To look on changes in the number of WBC, glucose and cortisol, data from blood samples were analyzed statistically using multivariate variance test at (α≤0.05) .The results revealed that although manipulating the diet can have an effect on the immune response, the method of carbohydrate supplementation employed in this study did not leave any effect on the results.

The purpose of present research is the effect of complex kinesiotherapy on physical rehabilitation of patients who suffer from osteochondrosis in the hospitalized patients. Subjects included 30(18 female, 12 male) voluntary patients who aged between 23 and 60. They were randomly divided into two groups: Control group (n1 = 15) and experimental group (n2 =15). Patients were selected from 2000 to 2002 in Moscow hospital No 15. Two groups were surveyed before and after research and finally it was found out that patients in control group were improving better than the patients in experimental group in pain feeling in the lumbar, range of motion in the joints of lower limbs, range of motion in the vertebra, range of depression, self-confidence, mood and activity, strength through measurement of muscle testing. Rehabilitation of patients withosteochondrosis in the lumbar division of the vertebra requires that in designing kinesiotherapy in different steps of physical rehabilitation (acute, sub acute, restoration), we apply the complex method on exercise therapy, massage and hydrotherapy with regard to acuteness of illness and patients characteristics. Since the use of kinesiotherapy in sub acute phase along with other therapy methods such as pharmacotherapy and physiotherapy not only causes acceleration of patients improvement but also leads to a decrease in pain feeling and the strength of different muscles such as lower limbs, dorsal area and abdomen than patients who don't use complex method. In addition, the application of complex method causes an increase in the range of motion and the improvements of the flexibility factor in lower limbs and in patients suffering from osteochondrosis in the lumbar division of the vertebra.

This study was conducted to compare happiness in male and female athlete university students. 282 athlete students of Tehran University (138 male and 144 female) were assigned. To determine the happiness variables. Oxford Happiness Inventory was used. The result showed that female athlete students were in a higher level at mental health, positive mood, efficiency, satisfaction and happiness. But there was not any significant difference between self-esteems in two groups.

Low back pain during pregnancy is clinically important. 50-90% of pregnant women suffer from low back pain. The objective of this investigation was to assess the effect of exercise during pregnancy on prevention and control of pregnancy related low back pain in sedentary women. Among pregnant women who were client to a local clinic, subjects did not have any regular exercise before their pregnancy. They also did not have any history of orthopedic-related diseases influencing the results of this study. The experimental group included 10 pregnant participating in an exercise program, including three times weekly for 20 weeks and per session 30-45 minutes. They started the exercise from their second month till the last week of their pregnancy. The control group did not have any exercise. Low back pain was quantified using a standard questionnaire. At the end of each month, each group completed a pain questionnaire. Wilcox test was used for statistical analysis. The Low back pain began during the second trimester. Low back pain progression was delayed in the exercise group. Exercise during pregnancy can make a delay on the pain during the second and last trimester.

The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between lactate and mtDNA deletion in blood leukocytes after an exhaustive aerobic exercise. Forty untrained healthy and non-smoker students (age=21.3±1.5 Yr, weight=74.2±14Kg & BF%=17.9±6.1) completed an incremental cycle ergometer test until exhaustion. The initial workload was 50W at 60 rpm for 5min. Then, workloads increased by 25W every 5min until exhaustion; while, the rpm was constant. Blood samples were collected 1 hour before and immediately after the exhaustive exercise. mtDNA deletion was analyzed using multiplex polymeric chain reaction (PCR) method. Although, all subjects were fairly young and the possibility of mtDNA deletion before exercise was unlikely. However, to be certain, all blood samples were also analyzed to detect possible deletion at normal condition and to exclude those subjects who had deleted mtDNA prior to the study. These findings demonstrate that there is a common deletion in leukocytes after an exhaustive aerobic exercise (P<0.01), and there is no significant relationship between these deletions and blood lactate.

Fatigue as a complex phenomenon, caused by peripheral muscle weakness or by a failure to initiate or sustain voluntarily, drives to the muscle by CNS. During a soccer match, players exercised at a relatively high intensity. It is therefore not surprising that fatigue occurs, causing performance to fall off in later stages of the match in the second half Since decision-making as well as technical and tactical aspects, are important elements in soccer, fatigue towards the end of the match could cause deterioration in mental and physical performance. The availability of choline, the precursor of neuro transmitter of acetylcholine in the diet, is sufficient to provide body needs under normal condition. Preliminary evidence indicates that depletion of choline may limit performance, while oral supplementation may delay fatigue during prolonged efforts. A double-blind design was used to determine the relationship between plasma choline and acetylchline, and fatigue during soccer-specific intermittent running protocol. Thirty adult male soccer players were divided into five groups randomly; placebo group and experimental group who ingested flavored water, glucose, BCAAS, lecithin and hydroalcoholic extract of sage 2.5h before and during soccer-specific intermittent running protocol. The peripheral choline and acetylcholine levels were determined via venous blood samples collected 2.5 hours before, half-time and immediately after soccer-specific intermittent running protocol. Subjects also completed the POMS, RPE, and measures exercise time to fatigue. Based on our observations that fatigue during soccer-specific intermittent protocol or towards the end of the soccer match in adult male soccer players is associated with a reduction in plasma choline and acetylcholine, our hypothesis is that a high ratio of choline and acetycholine levels in plasma prevents peripheral fatigue and subsequently enhances performance in soccer matches.

The aim of this study is the ways women attracted to bodybuilding gyms in Esfahan. The minor goals, however, are to investigate the role experienced and devoted managers and coaches play in the process. Also, the ways in which quality, quantity of services and resources, gym location, its interior space and discount are offered, were investigated and analyzed. A self-administrated questionnaire was prepared by the researcher. Having established the norms, the questionnaires were distributed among 120 customers; 12 managers; and 12coaches as subjects. The data were analyzed in terms of descriptive statistical and inductive methods with SPSS software. The study shows that most women attended gyms; 65.8% for the purpose of being in the best of health; 60.8% for fitness and 42.5% for losing weight. It is apparent that some factors including devoted and experienced coaches; the location of the gym and discount, were among the most important attracting the customers. The results show that customers pay much attention to the quality and quantity of services. In their opinion, quality and quantity of the equipments and advertisement were less important. The study also indicates that inadequate familiarity of managers and coaches with objectives, motivations and trends of the customers in another factor contributing to the problem. Most of the staff appeared to have less experience and higher education in their tasks, which calls for the fact that they should participate in a variety of specialized courses to promote their knowledge and skills. The research concludes that offering discount and building the gyms in an area of congested traffic proves to be of prime importance to attract customers (P≤0.01).