Year:2006 | Volume:- | Issue:29|Papers Count:15

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between the leadership styles of coaches (according to a multi - dimensional model) and cohesion of basketball teams present in Iranian premiership league. 144 basketball players, responded to the questionnaires including leadership scale in sport (LSS) (Chelladurai and Saleh 1980) and group environment questionnaire (GEQ) (Caron, Widmeyer, and Brawly 1985).The two latter questionnaires were used to study players, perception of leadership styles of coaches and cohesion in their own teams. Results showed: 1. a significant direct relationship among leadership styles (instruction behavior, democratic behavior, social support, and positive feedback) as well as a significant reverse relationship of autocratic leadership with social and task cohesion among players (p<0.01). 2. A significant difference between leadership style of coaches in successful teams and those in unsuccessful ones (p<0.01). 3. A significant direct relationship between team cohesion and the success (i.e. win percentage of a team for the season) (p<0.01). Based on the results, it can be said that leadership style of coaches is one of the factors related to cohesion while cohesion itself leads to success for a team. In addition, those coaches using instruction behavior, democratic behavior, social support and positive feedback styles rather than autocratic behavior, have more cohesive and finally more successful teams.

The goal of this research is to perform a cardiovascular rehabilitation program including an aerobic exercise and investigation of the effect on blood lipids. In this research, blood lipids were examined before and after the exercise. 20 patients with a hypertention up to 140/90 mm/Hg and 25-65 years old, were investigated. The patients were randomly divided to experimental and control groups. The control group received no intervention from investigator, but the experimental group perfomed the cardiovascular rehabilitation program. Blood lipids were gathered before and after the rehabilitation program. The exercise testing was taken of experimental group before the cardiovascular program. The subjects of both groups performed the health program about role of sport in blood pressure. Blood lipids (TC, TG, LDL) decreased significantly but GDL did not increase significantly.

The purpose of the present study is a scale comparison of emotional intelligence between athlete women (with open and close skills) and non - athlete ones. The subjects were 80 athletes (50 athlete with open skill and 30 athlete with close skill) randomly selected from superior sports clubs of Isfahan and there were 80 non-athletes with aged between 18 and 30. To measure emotional intelligence scale, Carson and Cooperator emotional intelligence questionnaires were used and statistical analysis was started using statistical manner ANOVA and t-test. The results showed that there was no difference between emotional intelligence of athletes with open and close skill and athletes attended this research (respectively p=0.87 and p=0.67), but there is a significant difference between emotional intelligence average in athletes and non-athletes (p=0.035).

Ten children with spastic cerebral palsy aged between 8 and 15 and with mean weight and height of 30.8 kg±5.7kg and 1.35m±0/09m respectively, were treated with exercise therapy for 12 weeks. A stability platform system was used to measure the deviation of the point in the center of gravity (COG) from the center of base of support (COBOS). The balance tests were repeated on stable and unstable bases of support as well as without shoes. Results showed that the mean deviation of COG in CP children improves about 25% after the exercise therapy (p=0.001). The highest improvement occured in semis table and unstable bases of support and in AP direction. Conclusion: The mean deviation of COG in CP patients was significantly greater than normal children. It shows a deficit on the function of the proproceptive system in the children. Exercise therapy improves the mean deviation of COG in dynamic standing. These results show the importance of the shoes on the treatment procedures in spastic CP children.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of two bouts of exercise compared to one bout of exercise in the same day on salivary immunoglobulin A (S-IgA) and total protein (TP) concentrations in elite female gymnasts. Eleven elite female gymnasts (mean age 1 h 2 years, height 145±11 cm, weight 34±8 kg) performed gymnastic exercise on two separate days. In the first day, each subject exercised only one bout from 6 to 8 pm. In the second day, each subject exercised from 8:30 to 10:30 am and then exercised again from 6 to 8 pm. Salivary samples were collected before, immediately after the exercise and 2 hours after the exercise in each bout. The saliva immunoglobulin A and total protein concentrations were measured by Neflometry and Bradford methods respectively. No significant change was observed in the concentration of immunoglobulin A after the exercise, but concentration of total protein. significantly increased after the exercise in both days (P£0.05). No relationship was found between immunoglobulin A and total protein after the exercise. The results indicated that the amount of exercise did not influence the concentration of immunoglobulin A. However, it significant influenced the concentration of total protein.

The purpose of this investigation is to consider and compare facilities and equipments of championship sports centers and their utilization in centers of provinces. The statistical population and sample in this investigation include the managers of championship sport centers from the centers of 28 provinces. The tools in this investigation is an investigator-made questionnaire composed of three parts to evaluate scientific and specialized information of managers, the utilization of championship sports centers and their equipment and facilities. The validity of the questionnaire is estimated about 87/9% by kronbakh coefficient. Analysis of data via Excel statistical program, descriptive statistics, inferential statistics quartile division, t student test and pears on correlation indictates that managers and experts of championship sports centers don't have enough scietific and specialized information about their fields, the best' exploitation is raised from equipments and facilities of championship sports centers and there aren't suitable equipments and facilities in championship sports centers. There is a meaningful relationship between the range of scientific and specialized information of managers and the utilization of championship sports centers (P<0/05). There isn't a meaningful relationship between the range of utilization of championship sports centers and available equipments and facilities (P<0/05). There isn't a meaningful relationship between the range of scientific and specialized information, and available equipments and facilities in championship sports centers (P<0/05).

The purpose of this study was to compare two kinds of speed and endurance interval training programs on pulmonary capacity of non-athlete female students of Zanjan Azad University. For this reason 30 students were selected voluntarily (18-22 years old). They participated for in 2 groups sprint and endurance interval training 8 week, 3 times a week. Pulmonary volumes and capacities was measured before and after the training by spirometer. Data analysis showed: 1. There was no significant difference among VC (p=0.062), TV (p=0.0825), ERV (p=0.0573) and TLC (p=0.059) in pre and post test of sprint group. 2. There was a significant difference in RV (p=0.048) between pre and post test of sprint group. 3. There was a significant difference among VC (p=0.040), TV (p=0.009), ERV (p=0.030), RV (p=0.038) and TLC (p=0.040) in pre and post .test of endurance group. 4. There was no significant difference in IRV (p=0.739) between pre and post test of endurance group. 5. There was no significant difference among VC (p=0.237), TV (p=0.092), ERV (p=0/093), RV (p=0.335) and TLC (p=0.328) of sprint and endurance group.

The purpose of this research is to assess factors connected with the establishment and employment of management information systems at sports federations of Iran from managers' perspective. Therefore, a valid questionnaire was prepared and distributed among 50 out oJ the research population including chairmen, vice - chairmen and secretaries of sports federations. Binomial tests were used and the results proved that managers of sports federations are familiar with advantages and peculiarities of management information system. Managers of sports federations are not familiar with prevailing management information system at successful organizations. The managers resisted the establishment and employment of MIS at federations. The personnel resisted setting up and application of MIS at federations. From managers, perspective, establishment and employment of MIS at sports federations is costly. From managers, perspective, traditional methods of information provision at federations don't have sufficient suitability and efficiency. According to managers, perspective, inappropriate organizational elements are obstacles to the establishment and employment of MIS at sports federations.

The purpose of this study was to validate Bruce and Conconi protocols validity by gas - analyzer method to predict Vo2max in elite Iranian free - style wrestlers. For this purpose, 24 wrestlers (age = 24.3±2.6 yr, height=175±8.5cm, and weight = 77.6±20.06 kg) in national training camp were selected non - randomly and tested by Bruce, Conconi and Gas - analyzer protocols. The Pearson analysis indicated that there is a significant and direct correlation between Bruce test and Gas analyzer (r =0.94), while no significant correlation was found between Conconi test and Gas analyzer (r = 0.29). Thus, Bruce protocol is valid to predict Vo2max in elite Iranian free - style wrestlers.

The aim of this investigation is to study the effect of rest period after an intermittent training on blood LDH and CK and also the effects of vitamin C on these enzymes. In this research, three groups were selected Group 1 with one minute rest between two bouts of 400m run, group 2 with three minutes rest between two bouts of 400m run and group 3 with three minutes rest between two bouts of 400 m run with consumption of vitamin C supplement. We used pre and post tests to compare changes and results. We also used ANOVA to analyze the data. The results show activity induces a significant increase in serum LDH and CPK (P<0.05). Rest period has no significant effect on serum LDH, but has a significant effect on serum CPK, so in the group with longer rest period, this enzyme is less (P<0.05). Vitamin C consumption induces a significant increase in LDH and a significant decrease in serum CPK (P<0.05).

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of presence of male and female spectators on the level of aggressive behavior among the athletes. The subjects included 16 male athlete students with the mean age of 21.3±1.4 years, divided into 2 football teams, 8 players each. They were selected from the students of University of Gilan. The statistical sample of the spectators was 250 male and female students, also selected from the students of University of Gilan. Four undergraduate and graduate students also took the tests, who were first introduced to the concept of aggression, and the recognition and recording in the checklist. The method of study was that the subjects competed four times. The first time, competition was in the presence of male and female spectators, the second time in the presence of male spectators only, the third time in the presence of female spectators only and the fourth time no spectators.The spectators actively applauded for their favorite team during the tests. The testers recorded all the verbal and physical aggressive behaviors of the athletes in the checklist. This checklist was designed based on the checklist pf "Roberts" (1999). After collection of data, all information was analyzed using ANOVA and follow - up LSD test in level of P£0.05. The results indicated that the presence of male and female spectators has a significant effect on the level of aggressive behavior among athletes. The presences of male and female spectators also have a significant effect on verbal aggressive behavior among athletes. It was also concluded that the presence of male and female spectators doesn't have any significant effect on physical aggression among athletes. The results in general indicated that the presence of spectators has a significant effect on the aggressive behavior among athletes and the presence of mixed' spectators leads to more aggression.

Immunoglobulin A (IgA), is the most important salivary antibody in humans and has an important role in mocusal immunity and in prevention of upper respiratory track infection (URTI). The concentration of immunoglobulin A (IgA), changes after intense exercise. The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of mocusal immunity after performing exhaustive exercise in youth in different levels of physical fitness. The subjects included 23 young male athletes in two groups. First group included 12 young athletes (age 16.10 years and VO2max 51.0 ml.min-1. kg-1) performing 3 training sessions per week (professional athlete) and second group included 11 young athletes (age 15.93 years and VO2max 44.2ml.min-1.kg-1) performing one training sessions per week (amateur athletes). Saliva samples were obtained before and immediately after the exhaustive exercise and total protein concentrations and IgA were measured by Nephlometery technique. The statistical methods used are independent (t) test and dependent (t) test with (P<0.05) level. The finding showed that salivary and total protein concentrations increased in two groups. In addition, IgA concentration relative to total protein decreased after the exhaustive exercise in two groups. The most important finding is that IgA concentration relative to total protein decreased more in amateur group.

The purpose of this research was to consider the relationship between physical and mental fitness of male and female athlete and non-athlete students of Tehran University. The subjects of these research consist of 80 students (boy and girl) from different faculties of Tehran University who 40 of them male and female athlete and 40 others were male and female non-athlete. All subjects were planed under the training of physical fitness. There teste were as follows: 800 meter speed running. Pullup, surgant jump 4500 meter running, modified sit and reach perminute Ten, the subjects were given to fill out a question air from SASI test including 60 questions and each one scores from 1 to 5. Generally the results show that there is meaningful relationship between the physical and mental fitness of male and female athletes and also male and female non-athletes.