Year:2005 | Volume:- | Issue:23|Papers Count:14

The research was to study and compare the effects of cardiovascular fitness on physiological stress. The method was an exposit facto method. Forty faculty members in Yazd University (30-50 years old) participated and randomly based were divided in two groups on Daily Energy Expenditure: active and inactive. Using Shuttle Run test, cardiovascular fitness in participants was tested. The same participants were tested by filling physiological stress questionnaire. The probable correlations of variables were determined by regression analysis and Multivariable Variance (Manova). The physiological and anthropometrical variables, stress level and daily energy expenditures were compared by a nonparametric test (Mann - Witney U) (P<0.05). Findings: a negative and significant relationship was found between aerobic capacity and the level of physiological stress in the inactive group (P<0.001, R=0.57). But this relationship was not significant in the the inactive group (R=0.26). A positive and significant relationship was found between resting systolic blood pressure and level physiological stress among inactive group (P<0.001,R=0.68). But this relationship was not observed among active group (R=0.26). A significant difference was found between both groups in aerobic capacity, the level of physiological stress and daily energy expenditure (P<0.05).

The purpose of the present study was to determine the relationship between physical activity level and coronary heart disease risk factors in middle-aged male workers. The subjects, age, weight and height were respectively 44.63±3.52, 76.63±7.41kg and 170±5.04cm. Subjects completed Baecke physical activity questionnaire and we measured weight, height, abdominal and hip circumference. Also, we measured skin fold in chest, abdomen and thigh to determine BF% . Finally we determined coronary heart disease risk factors such as SBP, DBP, TC, LDL-C, HDL-C, TG, TC/HDL and WHR. We used Pearson correlation analysis to analyze data at minimal level of significance (P<0.05). The results showed that there is a reverse significant relationship between physical activity level with TC,LDL-C, TC,HDL and BMI (P<0.05), whereas there is not a significant relationship between physical activity level with HDL-C, TG, WHR, SBP, DBP and BF%. The results showed that PA can cause a decrease in CHD risk factors and middle-aged workers can promote their health.

Mental skills and self-efficacy are important factors in athletes success in high level sports. The purpose of this study was to compare foundation, psychosomatic and cognitive mental skills among superior male athletes in individual and team sports in Khuzestan and their relationship with their self-efficacy. Method was descriptive and field study. The OMSAT2 questionnaire (Salmela & Bota, 1993) and self-efficacy questionnaire (Sherer& Adams, 1983) were used as two instruments to measure the' mental skills and self-efficacy of the groups involved respectively. The reliability and validity of the two questionnaires have been reported to be satisfactory. 100 superior athletes of team sports and 100 superior athletes of individual sports in Khuzestan formed the samples of this study. After gathering data, descriptive and inferential statistics like independent t-test and Pearson correlation were used to analyze data. Testing proposed hypotheses at P<0.05 showed the following results: no significant difference was reported between individual and team sports in their response to foundation skills. No significant difference was reported between individual and team sports in their response to psychosomatic skills. No significant difference was reported between individual and team sports in their response to cognitive skills. There was a positive and significant relationship between mental skills of team and individual athletes and their self-efficacy. Consequently, the result of the study showed that mental skills and self-efficacy are equally important in superior athletes of team and individual sports, and are important factors in competitive sports.

The purpose was to study privatization and policy effects on upgrading national economic efficiency in athletes. The sample was 326 managers in P.E. Organization and P.E. Depts. In Education Ministry and Science, Research and Productivity Ministry. They were from eight groups of different levels and were studied based on four groups: club, educational, executive and headquarter managers. They were managers between 1373 and 83. This survey was through library studies. Special purposes and hypothesis were examined using a questionnaire in the eight areas. Validity was confirmed by 15 experts and common factor analysis. Reliability was examined through Alpha (a) Koronbakh. The results showed that managers on the whole agree on the privatization policy (83%), development and effectiveness of the policy and modifying sport organization based on the policy.

The assessment of a selected training program (in water and on land) on quadriceps strength in Bu Ali Sina male students. The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of strength training like bodybuilding machine in water and on land on quadriceps in knee extension to 45 and 90 degrees. 1245 male students in Bu Ali Sina University having a physical education course (1) participated in this study. 30 subjects were selected and divided to three groups: control, training on land and training in water. All subjects were volunteers. Muscle strength was measured by pre and post-test of a 45 and 90 degree extension in knee training performance, 15 sessions, 5 weeks, 3 times a week and three sets per session with ten repetition (Mac Kwien). Proper weight was selected and each subject performed training according to this strength. Using machine in this study conformed with Mechanic al Department of Bu Ali Sina University. Statistic methods included dimension of central declining, t-student, Anova in ά= 0.05, as well as Tukey test performed with SPSS. 1- Training on land has a significant effect on quadriceps strength in extension of 45 and 90 degrees of knee joint. 2- Training on water has a significant effect on quadriceps strength in extension of 45 and 90 degrees of knee joint. 3- Training in land has more effect on quadriceps strength in extension of knee joint.

The purpose of this study was to study the effect of wining and losing with respect to objective direction 60 football players randomly participated in the study and with respect to the direction aim were divided to either an ego orientation or a task orientation group. After and before game, the data were collected using self-esteem and direction aim questionnaires. Independent and dependent t-test indicated that there was no meaningful difference between self-esteems in task and ego orientation groups before competition and after winning and losing. Average mean of self-esteems in task and ego orientation after losing and winning did not significantly change.

To examine the relationship between perfectionism and sport achievement in a sample of athletes, 74 students (44 males, 30 females) from Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Tehran, participated in this study. All participants were asked to complete Farsi version of Positive and Negative perfectionism Scale (FPANPS). To measure the sport achievement, athletes' coaches were asked to rate Sport Achievement Scale (SAS). Analysis of the data involved both descriptive and inferential statistics including means, standard deviations, analysis of variance, Pearson's correlation, and regression analysis. A simple positive and negative correlation was found between positive and negative perfectionism and sport achievement respectively. However, positive perfectionism was the only significant predicting factor for changes in sport achievement. Positive perfectionism is supposed to increase the level of sport achievement via characteristics such as realistic thinking, acceptance of personal limitations, flexibility, self-satisfaction, enhancement of self-esteem, self-confidence, as well as positive perception of social supports and evaluations.

The aim of this research is to study per capita budget allocated to the students of Physical Education and to compare it with students in some other disciplines namely Technical and Engineering, Psychology and Education, and Management and Commerce in Tehran University. Yearly expenditure of aforementioned departments was precisely and clearly calculated and compared with financial and human resources. This research tries to study the allocated budget in 1380 in Physical Education Department and to compare it with other departments of Tehran University. A comprehensive calculation and comparison of all expenditures will clarify per capita budget for each student and the existing facts will provide the necessary information for the management of aforementioned departments. The results showed that Department of Psychology and Education with 7550575.50 Rials, Physical Education and Sports Sciences with 7496390.24 Rials, Technical and Engineering with 4009839.63 Rials, and Management and Commerce with 2980197.71 Rials per student ranked first to fourth respectively. Comparison of the allocated budget per student in the aforementioned departments reveals that some departments regarding their educational and research duties, use a higher budget per student than others. It is suggested that a necessary decision to increase the budget of other departments be made.

The purpose of this study was to validate and extend fielder contingency model for leadership effectiveness. This research extended the model into physical education setting by studying the managers of physical education departments and faculties in Iran higher education universities. Data were collected from 25 managers (100% of total) and 145 academic members (81% of total) of physical education departments and faculties. Leadership style by the managers' scores by the least preferred Co-Worker Scale (LPC) and situational favorableness based on leader member relations and leadership effectiveness by the performance of educational division scale (PED) were determined. According to Fiedler Contingency Theory, hypothesis 1 predicted that task-oriented managers perform their best in favorable situations, hypothesis 2 predicted that relationship-oriented managers perform their best in situations of moderate favorableness and hypothesis 3 predicted that task-oriented managers perform their best in unfavorable situations. The results supported the first hypothesis and did not confirm the second one. Since there was no unfavorable leadership situation, the thire hypothesis could not be tested. It showed that in general there is not a total applicability of the theory to higher education. Also, it indicated a need for further research on the model using a more heterogeneous sample.

The purpose of this research was to compare the spine in secondary school male and female students in Mashhad. The subjects were 316 boys and 300 girls (12-15 years old) collected randomly. Data were collected by questionnaires and physical examination. Information in questionnaires included personal characteristics, medical history, habitual activity (sitting, sleeping, ...). Subjects, overall spinal posture were height and weight examined using posture screen and New York test standardization. A pilot study was also performed. Data were analyzed by the nonparametric statistical chi square test.The results were as follows: *Abnormal posture in male students was 79.5%, in female 81.66% and generally 97.15 % in all subjects. * Torticollis, raise shoulder, scoliosis, lordosis and abdomen protruding in female students are higher than those in then male students but kyphosis, forward head and asymmetrical hips in male students are higher than female students. * The highest amount of abnormality is kyphosis in boys (39.24%) and raise shoulder in girls (42/67%). * The lowest amount of abnormality is scoliosis in both boys (4/75%) and girls (5.67%). There was a significant difference between position of shoulder and kyphos (P≤0.01). There was also a significant difference between posterior and lateral observe in spine posture in the society (P≤0.01) There was a significant relationship between body type and spine posture in the society (P≤0.01). The comparison of abnormality in male and female students showed that the level and rate of abnormality in female students is higher than in male students. Considering poor movement, limited and special state of body in female students showed, that a special program by managers is necessary.

The aim of this study is to describe sport facilities in universities of Medical Sciences from the view point of managers of Physical education. All of the Physical Education offices and intramural facilities were included in this research. The measurement device was a questionnaire consisting of 15 open and closed questions given to the intramural physical education directors. To check the validity, the questionnaire was examined by 25 new experienced lecturers in Physical Education departments. Furthermore, descriptive statistics were used to analyze the collected data, to determine their standard deviation, frequency and cumulative percentages. We can pave the way to achieve intramural sport objectives (Promotion of health status, skills achievement, social relations and efficient use of leisure time and recreational activities) when we improve the underlying structures in students' sports. In addition, it is necessary to set up organizations for university students' recreational and sport purposes in each university to achieve the above mentioned goals.