Year:2004 | Volume:- | Issue:19|Papers Count:14

The purpose of the study was to describe the standpoint of the referees, officials, trainers and athlete students participating in 5th University Sport Olympiad in Tehran in 1379 considering the level of different sports in universities as well as the important factors hindering their development in these institutions. The other objectives were to calculate descriptive statistical indices such as means and standard deviations for the sports usnig the quantitative scales and also to develop standard nonns for them. Additionally, the standing of the participating universities in the first six places for each .~port and in the first twenty places for all the events of the olympiad was to he indicated. . The population of the study consisted of all the participants in 5th University Sport Olympiad. 1531 (63.3%) of female and 2257 (58.4) of male participants took part in the study. The results showed that the least advanced .\ports for female athlete students were gymnastics and shooting, whereas for males they were gymnastics, handball, basketball, Greco-Roman wrestling and Tekevando. The final classification for all the events indicated that Tehran, Payamnoor and Teacher Training Universities won the first three places in the female events re.\pectively. for the male events, the first three places were taken by Tehran, Payam noor and Shiraz Universities re.\pectively.

In this research the effects of implicit and explicit learning on serial reaction time task have been compared.66 subjects were divided into three groups randomly. The first and second group practiced (implicit learning) not knowing the rules. The second group also perfonned concurrently the secondary task rather than serial reaction time task The third group practiced (explicit learning) knowing that there is a repetition in the middle of the task The task consisted of 21 multiple choice stimuli (1 block), in each block one third of the beginning and one third of ending were random, and one third of the middle was the repeated sequence. After the pretest, subjects practiced 21 lraining blocks (20 times every day for 5 days). Then theyparticipated in the retention, interview and recognition test and filled out a special questionnaire. Data were analyzed by mixed factorial analysis of variance and the results were: Participants of two implicit and one explicit group improved in serial reaction time task during the training period. However, the explicit group and the second implicit group with secondary task improved better. In retention test, the mean time of reaction in second implicit group with secondary task was better than that of the third group .(explicit learning). Thus, the two mentioned groups were better than the first implicit group. But there was no significant statistical difference. We can conclude that in complex skills, implicit learning is at least as effective as explicit learning in for learners perfonnance.

A fundamental theoretical analysis to estimate the kinematic and kinetic characteristics of swimmers was developed. The purpose of the study was to present a simple method for data collection, to establish a simple formula to determine the swimmers characteristics and to evaluate the validity and accuracy of this model of estimation against other methods such as direct measurements, MAD, and added drag provided by hydrodynamic body. The active drag force was estimated during maximal swimmig in front crawl but the method can also be applied for other strokes. The swimmers performed three 10 meter trial with enough rest in between and with initial velocity of zero on which average velocity was calculated. In this method, the maximum speed of swimmers in 1Om-trial was estimatedAfter whistling the swimmers began swimming from the still position and stopped swimming at the end of the 10m-trial again after whistling and kept gliding to still position. The time of 1Om-trialand the glided distance were measured with reasonable precision and was used in the mentioned formula to determine the velocity, acceleration, and active drag force of the swimmers. One of the elite swimmers was requested to perform swimming with different speeds to achieve different characteristic curves for the model. The results obtained agreed well with the results by other researches of complicated and expensive systems.

Football stadiums are considered as the infrastructure of this popular ,\port. Observing the required standards in these stadiums are important in the following tenns: safety, increasing the quality of the games, absorbing more .\pectators to the stadium, and obtaining pennission to host the football games on an international level, etc. In this research, the Iranian football stadiums were compared with the standards in the European stadiums. The standards were divided into seven separate categories, Le. adequate facilities for ordinary .\pectators and.. .\pedal .\pectators, reporters and mass media, players, coaches, referees, etc. For analysis of the findings two ways were applied: in inferential statistics the Mann - Whitney U test and in descriptive statistics percent age of frequency. The results demonstrated that the majority of the stadiums in Iran do not enjoy good conditions in tenns of the seven above - mentioned categories. Consequently, given the importance of establishing essential standards in football stadiums, providing a comprehensive and strategic planning for the football stadiums across thf?;country is suggested.

The pwpose of this study was to identiJY whether a period of 30 min-exercise in warm water for 17 days affects cardiovascular function in men in middle age. Fifieen warm water groups (WJ¥, 40°C) and ten neutral water groups (NW, 29°C). Were divided into. They exercised (water head - out walking) 30 minutes per day in WW and NW for 17 consecutive days respectively. Measurements: echocardiography was performed four times (day 1, day 4, day 11 and day 18) during the study. Heart rate (HR) in WW in day 18 si,5flificantly decreased, stroke volume (SV) and end diastolic volume (EDV) in WW significantly increased in day 4, day 11 and day 18. End sistolic volume (ESV), ejection fraction (EF), sistolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) did not change in each group. Blood pressure (DBP) did not change in each group. The data suggest that walking in WW reduces resting HR, but increases SV and EDV. Thus, we can conclude that WW affects cardiovascular function in men in middle age.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between leadership styles and the sources of power among the heads of PE. Facutties of Iranian Universities from their colleagues view point. 176 subjects participated in the stuey. The instruments were biographical leadership styles and sources of power questionnaires. The validity and reliability of the instruments for the population were examined. Also, the relationship between sources of power and personal characteristics such as age, gender, academic degree, career, teaching and managerial experience were studied. To analyze the data, valid descriptive and inferential stati.,tics at a=O/05 were used. The findings showed that telling was the dominant leadership style. Participative, telling and delegating leadership styles were used respectively. Also, the results showed that the expert power was the first source of power and legal, referent, coercive and reward power were used by the managers respectively. There was a significant relationship between the amount of power used by managers and age, gender, academic degree and managerial experience. There was no significant relationship between the amount of managers sources of power and teaching experience. There was a significant relationship between leadership styles and sources of power among which the relationship between telling leadership style and expert power were higher and stronger.

The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of three different recovery periods (rest intenJal) on trained students bench press peljormance in University of Tehran. 15 trained students from University of Tehran (age = 25/28i:.2/01 years old, height = 176/33i:.6/30 cm and weight = 73/068i:.8/33kg) were. selected from volunteers. They were invited to the weight-training hall in kooy of University of Tehran and peljormed 4 sessions of bench press every 8 hours. In the first session, one repetition maximum (1 RM) was measured. From the second to the fourth session, 4 sets of bench press with 75% 1RM up to voluntmy exhustion along with inactive rest intenJals including 1 to 3 ratio of work to rest, 60% maximum healt rate and 3 minutes rest were practiced. Data showed: There is a significant difference among rest intervals with 1 to 3 ratio of work to rest, 60% maximum heart rate and 3 minutes rest (p=O.OO). There is a significant difference between bench press petformance and the three mentioned rest intervals (p =0. 00). Three minute-rest intervals have better effect on the performance of bench press (p=O.OO).

The aim of the study is the methods of promoting motivation for teaching from point of view of physical educators. The method of the study was descriptive and the instrument was a questionnaire. Data was collectedfrom five districts in E.\fahan and the subjects werefemale P.E teachers. The results of the study showed that the indices of increasing motivation cause an increase in the activity of physical education teachers in high schools. Comparing the mean scores of physical education teachers, there were significant differences considering their. Level of education, work record, education levels, age groups, in education level and in age groups and regarding some of the indices of increasing motivation such as evaluation, salary and occupational security. For the others, there were no significan differences. Priority of the seven types of increasing stimuli from point of view of physical education teachers were a) Evaluating the manner of operation and considering its results. b) Creating and promoting occupational and professional success. c) Physical conditions in work environment. d) Feeling of occupational responsibility. e) Occupational security. F) Exercising desirable management and supervision. G) Determining physical education goals for teaching.

The purpose of the present study is to investigatethe effects of regional exerciseprogramfor abdominalmuscleson body compositionand serum lipids. Forthe samplesome, male junior HS.were selectedvoluntarilymeasuringtheir total skinfold fat of subscapular and triceps. Finally, 16 subjects were selected. Their average age was 14.63-j;:.J.09years, and their percent age of body fat was more than 26. They perfomed regional exerciseon abdominal muscles 3 sessions per week for 4 weeks. The following measurements were recorded before and afier the exerciseprogram: blood sampling from cubital vein to determine the level of cholesterol, triglyceride (TG), skinfold-fat of subscapular, suprailiac, triceps,and pectoral regions of the subjects using clipper. Waist, hip, and buttock girth of the subjects were also recorded, and fmally percent age of body fat was estimated using the method by Bioleau, Lohman and Slaughter (1985). The data were analyzed using t - student test. The result indicated that the regional exercise program for the abdominal muscles has a significant effect (pSO.05) on cholesterol, TG and skinfold fat of subscapular, suprialiace, abdomen, triceps, pectoral regions, and also on waist, hip, buttock girth, total body weight, body fat and perce.nt age of body fat of the subjects. However, this type of exercise didnt have any significant effect on skinfold fat of biceps and lean body weight. Therefore, we can conclude that this ~pecific regional exercise program for the abdominal muscles reduces fat of not only the region being exercised (abdominal), but also the other regions of the body, which werent exercised. On the other hand, the results indicated that spot reduction doesnt work and fatty acids preferentially arent released directly to a greater degreefrom the fat pads from the active muscles.

The purpose of the present research is to compare the organizational structure and status among football federation of Iran, fifa and some selected countries, and to provide suggestions for an ideal pattern. The structural status of Germany, South Africa, Japan and fifa were studied. Iran football till they be alber to announce their point of view. The data ( gathered were analyzed through binomial tests and analysis of Freedman variance using version 10 of spss. It was found that the organizational structure and the status of the Iran football federation should be overviewed. To develop a new one, the experience of other countries in football and specially the fifa status should be considered.