DANESHVAR MEDICINE
Year:2002 | Volume:9 | Issue:36|Papers Count:15

Middle Ages took place for about the centuries and although, the great Christianity is known as the foundations of it, its name reminds the darkage and suffering. The paper is an attempt to discover the education spirit of this period. It introduces a short explanation of Middle Ages history. In the first chapter, it analyses the educational system of Middle Ages and in the second chapter surveys the foundations of its education. These foundations are the content of Christianity, Philosophy and Art of Middle Ages. The last pan explains the main factors of these resources and how they effect the educational systems in Middle Ages.

After the victory of the Islamic Revolution, islamization of the all bases of the Islamic. System was a prevalent thought which was revealed as a cornerstone of the society.Accordingly, establishment of the Islamic Judicial system, based on Islamic jstic which consists of judges who are both just and knowledgeable with respect to all Islamic provisions, which has been provided as a main object in Iranian constitutional law. Consequently, the first legislation of the newly established Islamic system, i.e, the Islamic Revolution council made very important changes in both substantive and formal laws. This trend has been continued by the Islamic parliament after being established.Unfortunately the changes with respect to formal provisions of law particularly on the ground of principals of the criminal procedure and juditial review of the courts decisions have been so deep and imprecise as this legislator who has to pass a new law with completely different and opposite contents, very soon after any change the situation has been continued up to now and still the legislator does not follow any specific and stable principle with regard to the foregoing changes.Sometimes the law passed by the parliament considers judicial review of a courts decision against the unlawful while later on the parliament may change the law so as it legalize such a review of the foregoing decision in a way that one may think it is improbably of a court to pronounce a binding verdict. Accordingly, it is necessary to clarify whether these changes are in accordance with common law and whether in which circumstances a courts decision may be quashed.On this bases, firstly article trys to distinguish between the judges under the common law and those who work in the ministry of justice and second to discuss the issue of the review or\and quashing of a judges decision under the Imamian school of law to find out clear and basic principals of this school concerning the aforesaid issues.Finally, the article will compare these principals with the provisions of the law at current status to indicate that any change concerning of criminal procedure after Islamic Revolution was based on misunderstanding of the principals of the Imamian school of law. Passing various legislations by the parliament is a clear evidence in this respect and Islamic jurisprudence not only agrees with the review of unlawful decisions of a court but also agrees with other principals on this basis.

The article has been surveyed free study of Shiraz Shahed students in schools, pre -university course, university and medical sciences university. The subjects are arranged on the basis of their interest as follows: Scientific, Literary, Religious and Historical Study; and their study measure were the same to both girls and boys. High cost of the books, large size of the courses and lack of the appropriate facility were expressed as the barrier factors of study by them.The establishment of libraries with modem facilities, allocation of subsidy for buying goods and bookworms competitions are the matters which have been suggested to encourage shahed’s children.

The article is discussed the successful process of strategic planning in Applied - Scientific system.At first it discusses concerned difficulties of the high education of applied - scientific University and considers the necessity of strategic planning in the first at process of forming such training. Then it reviews the definition of strategy from the viewpoint of theoreticians about a precise definition of concept of the strategic planning level It also discusses the different models of strategic planning and then a logical model is proposed.Since, in the real world, planning and model aren’t the suitable factors in achieving the success. Vital effective factors involve in strategic success will be discussed.

The remedies in tort are, in fact, the ways of execution of the wrongdoer obligation. Taking into account that, all kinds of property, moral and bodily losses cannot be compensated by one remedy, therefore it is necessary to study different ways of compensation and their efficiency. Almost in all the legal systems, this matter has been considered and some articles have been allocated it. The main aim of this paper, is to investigate and study the known remedies in tort of the Iranian law and Islamic law, aim to know the preferred remedies in those systems and in the law of other countries and international law. In order to reach to this objective, the position of the two main remedies which are Restitution in kind and Compensation, have been separately studied in the Iranian law, Islamic law, law of some other countries and international precedent.

Today there are different and sometimes contradictory theories in sustainable development literature about the views of Rural communities in respect of environment and development. The basic framework of these theories, engage with the proenviroment, anti-environment and development. Despite the differences between the condition, development level of industrial countries and developing countries, still planners and policy makers share common views about the environmental problems in these countries, however, little attention was being paid to the environmental issues in developing countries such as Iran.There are not only ambiguities in people’s views about the development and environment, but also planners and policy maker’s ideas are not clear in this regard. So these factors show a lack of study in using strategic methods.Considering the problem from one hand and existence of contradictory theories if! industrial countries from the other hand, the article tries to find out a scientific answer to one of the most fundamental question in the Rural development literature. Accepting the sustainable development theory (protecting the environment and looking for economic development in this study, it is tried to test this important theory in sustainable development literature through an analysis of Rural people’s views by using attitude measurement methodology (approach) in a sample of Rural communities of Golpayegan city (central Iran). The result shows that Rural communities agree with the environmental protection while seeking for economic development. In other words, Rural people believe in both environmental and economical values.

"The Welfare affairs" are the complement of employment operations and play a drastic role in keeping and creating motivation in human sources of Social Insurance Organization. The organization undertakes 32000 staff working in insurance, meditative units and the responsibility of almost 7 Million basic insured in social insurance affair is overshadowed by the above mentioned drastic role.Consequently, the situation of the welfare affairs in the operation of the Organization .and as a result, securing the agreement of almost 28 million insured and their family will be gained. So, in order to recognize the situation of welfare affairs of staff, the present research is carried out by the order of Social Insurance Organization. To articulate the discussed phenomenon scientifically, the theories related to the management fields are used in spite of the fact that the research method has been descriptive. The means of collecting the information have been the pre-made interview, statistical society and the staff of the social insurance branches of the 7 provinces have been selected with a meaningful sample size by random sampling. The important questions in the study are as follows:1. What cases are provided for the staff?2. At which level are the staff satisfied with these affairs related to some variants?3. What is the relationship between the opinion of the staff about the welfare affairs and some variants?The operate and theoretical explanations of each variant has been presented and the mode of its measurement has been shown as well 25 cases of the welfare affairs and 15 cases of the staff opinions have been tested.Some of the conclusions are as follows:1. The most usable welfare facilities which are known as the best by the staff, are noncash aids and the job - making loan including the urgent loan.2. The most satisfaction of the used welfare affairs is related to the job - making loans, holiday homes and pilgrim houses, and the least one is related to the cooperative expense, loan of residence and dinning saloons.3. The relationship between satisfaction level of the total welfare facilities with age, literacy level, job background, organizational unit and social class is ratified but the gender, family size, organizational unit and the degree of enjoying the welfare facility of place of residence is not approved.4. The opinion of staff about the welfare affairs is not related to the organizational unit, gender and job background, while this relationship with social base, satisfaction level of welfare affairs, literacy level and age is approved.Finally, an appropriated operational suggestion with the conclusion of study has been presented.

ince psycholinguists such as Branford, Johnson and Anderson highlight the importance of cognitive prerequisites for comprehension and learning, and suggest that the ability to understand and remember is a function of relationship between input and activated knowledge of learner, the present study emphasizes the significance of cognitive activities that enable one to interpret as well as recall information. It also aims to find the role of background knowledge in EFL listening comprehension, and how much listeners comprehension is affected by activated and non-activated knowledge."Whetherthe listening material is scripted or non-scripted, whether it is authentic or cooked for the learners, it is necessary to provide listeners with the background information needed to understand the message before asking students to listen to a segment of discourse, so that they can develop "script competence". Script competence is the knowledge that the listener and speaker posses in advance about the subject matter of discourse. Teachers should, therefore, take care that(L2) listeners and (L1) speakers on tape share the same knowledge and linguistic scripts, and they must activate the students world knowledge or supplement missing knowledge before presenting any listening selections. "Calling into play the students" world knowledge is important if students are to apprehend relations among elements in the message, and to construct an integrated representation of the meaning of the spoken message.

S The contract of "Hire-Purchase" is a legal institution that was established in Common Law and accepted by some of legal systems such ay Iran."Hire-Purchase" is a method of buying goods in which the purchaser takes possession of them as soon as he has paid an initial installment and obtains ownership of the goods when he has paid all the agreed number of subsequent installments and exercises his option to purchase the goods.A Hire-Purchase agreement differs from a credit sale agreement and a conditional sale agreement, because in these transactions the ownership passes when the contract is signed.According to the article, the main nature of Hire-Purchase is hire (lease), so the rules of the contract, rights and duties of the parties are mostly the same as hire.

In this article the effort has been taken to define conspiracy as an objective act, a hidden planning and a series of measurement undertaken in an illegal, amoral and usually violent way to achieve certain goals and purposes at the price of endangering others interests and rights, while conspiracy theory is defined as the elaborative and subjective method to analyze events which is formed in conspiracy - minded individuals mentality and usually based on a .speculation about conspirators role.Three major components of the conspiracy theory are the conspirator, conspiracy - minded individual, assumptions and techniques of analysis which are discussed.Conspiracy theory is neither culturally, nor geographically bound, rather it is a universal phenomenon which has been taken in different countries and cultures.I have tried to show the universality of conspiracy theory by collecting enough evidences from different countries. These evidences are quite prevalent in all countries, namely the assassination of JFK, extension of Aids virus, UFO, drugs distribution and the terrorist attack of September 11th in USA are events that are analyzed by some groups and individuals in America within the "analytical" framework. In England, death of George the first and Princess Diana in an automobile accident are the further examples of conspiracy theory which is discussed throughout the article. Some authorities in this field believe that the Middle East more than other countries is infected by the "analytical" framework. Finally the article conclude that conspiracy theory is a vast and universal phenomenon of varied shapes and types.

Being blessed with expression is one of the characteristics of human beings.Expression has different projections such as discourse, writing, allusion and sign.The most prominent aspect of expression lies in discourse, so that speaking solely out of expression springs to the mind. Language is the means of talking and discourse is one of the most delicate and at the same time, one of the most complex behaviors of human beings. Expression has a main role in Man’s life, advancement of knowledge, civilization and religion. Man has chosen language as the best means of communication among the various kinds of expression for its accessibility and freely.In order to avoid boring discourse, he has realized that it is necessary to observe the economy of language and the omission of redundancies from the surface structure of the sentence. The language of Quran among the languages, is the one which the theory of language economy follows in it in a best manner. It is possible to enumerate some of its aspects based on the principles of the Arabic sciences, inflection, syntax and eloquence. This paper tries to present some examples of linguistic economy in Arabic language and hopes to be a forerunner in such subjects.

Information seeking behavior studies different aspects of information such as motivations, the goals of information search, the kind and its nature. It also surveys some features such as the kind of required information, communication behaviors, using the libraries and information centers. The article tries to study Information Seeking behaviors of the Scientific Board of Shahed University in acquiring the scientific and technical information. The objective of the article is to determine the kind of seeking resources and the goals of information search, the factors which influence the unavailability of the required information of Shahed University and survey the medical and non-medical groups in using the information.