Daneshvar Medicine: Basic and Clinical Research Journal
Year:2008 | Volume:15 | Issue:72|Papers Count:11

Introduction: One of the most expensive and prevalence of chronic diseases is dental caries. In etiology of the dental caries, four factors: 1) carbohydrates, 2) Bacteria, 3) the decrease of pH and 4) host resistant time have been considered. Oral saliva has an important and main role in wetting of oral cavity and controlling of the four factors. The factor of pH and rate of saliva affect the growth and the effect of bacteria on carbohydrates. Therefore, increasing of pH of the saliva is the important factor in controlling dental caries. In the literature, It has been seen That sugar – free sodium bicarbonate containing chewing gum increase the pH of saliva so we evaluate this idea in this research.Objective: The aim of the present study is to compare the effects of conventional sugar-free chewing gums and sugar free sodium bicarbonate chewing gum and their effects on salivary PH that which is wanted to enhanced salivary pH through the usage of these 2 kinds of chewing gums specially containing bicarbonate being a cheep way to protect dental caries.Materials and Methods: Sixty volunteers, 60% male and 40% female were selected. After unstipulated, saliva was collected, from chewing either a standard or bicarbonate containing gum and 30 min after finishing the chewing. The salivary pH was measured with pH meter for each sample and was measured for stimulated saliva after 30 min of chewing the gums. Statistical analyses used in this research were:1) paired t – test  and 2) analysis of variance (ANOVA).Results: With the standard sugar free gum, the mean peak salivary pH was 7.12 with the bicarbonate gum; the peak salivary pH was 7.50. The increase in salivary pH was greater for the bicarbonate gum and there was not any significantly difference for the mean peak of stimulated saliva between two groups.Conclusion: The increasing in salivary pH with bicarbonate chewing gum can have implications for oral health and prevention of dental caries. It should be evaluated in longitudinal studies and long – term follows.

Background: Skin cancers are the most prevalent malignancies in Iran and sun protection behaviors are the most effective intervention to prevent it. In this study we assess prevalence of sun protective behaviors and related factors, in married women of Yazd city (the center of Yazd province).Materials and Methods: In this cross- sectional study, Health Belief Model (HBM) was used in order to assess the related factors to sun protective behaviors. Sampling method was cluster random. Data gathering tool was a questionnaire which has been designed by researchers. The behaviors which considered in this study include: using of sunscreens, physical barriers or sunglass, outdoor staying time limitation and shadow walking during maximum sun light.Results: Prevalence was of shadow walking 94 percent, outdoor staying time limitation was 53 percent, using of sunscreen 15.8 percent, using of sunglass 11.6 percent and using of physical barriers was 3.4 percent. Results of multivariate analysis showed: sunscreen using behavior had correlation with perceived benefit of behavior (OR= 7.8, CI 95%: 3.6-17.0) and direct physician advice (OR=1.8CI 95%: 1.2-2.6). Outdoor staying time limitation behavior had correlation with perceived benefit of behavior (OR=1.53, CI 95%: 1.17-2.0). Having higher income (OR=2.5CI 95%: 1.3-35.9), perceived susceptibility (OR= 2.3, CI 95percent: 1.1-5.4) and cultural believes (OR=0. 3 CI 95%: 0. 2-0.44) had correlation with using physical barriers. Using of sunglass had significant correlation with perceived benefit. Behavior of shadow walking had no correlation with perceived susceptibility, severity or benefit. Sun protective behaviors have greatly related to perceived benefit and perceived susceptibility.Conclusion: Improvement of these behaviors has most effects if conjoined with a supporting environment.

Introduction: Malaria is still one of the most important communicable diseases in the world. The main measure for vector control is using insecticides as residual spraying and recently impregnated bednet with pyrethroid insecticides. Comparative study on the efficacy of pyrethroid impregnated torn bed nets (lambdacyhalothrin and bifenthrin) and Deet against malaria vector, Anopheles stephensi, (Diptera: Culicidae) by tunnel tests method.Aims and objectives: The effect of torn impregnated bed nets treated three doses of bifenthrin TALSTAR®7.8% SC, Lambdacyhalothrin 2.5% CS and DEET were evaluated under laboratory condition. The objective of the present study was to compare the efficacy of pyrthroid insecticides and Repellents for impregnation of mosquito nets, on the susceptible strains of Anopheles stephensi.Materials and Methods: Efficacy of two pyrethroid-impregnated nets and DEET-impregnated nets were designed to inhibition hungry female mosquitoes to pass through holes cut in the netting. Mortality and blood-feeding inhibition were measured using a baited tunnel device.Results: With untreated netting, 95-98% of female mosquitoes passed through the holes overnight, 94-97% blood-fed successfully and 1-4% died. When the netting was treated with bifenthrin at doses of 3.125, 6.25 and 25 mg/m2, the number of mosquitoes passed through the holes overnight were 3%, 7% and 12%; mortality rates were 94.5%, 95.5% and 94.5%; inhibition blood-feeding was also high; 100%, 100% and 97%. When the netting was treated with lambdacyhalothrin at doses of 2.5, 5 and 20 mg/m2, the overnight entry index were respectively 71.5%, 12.5% and 5%, mortality rates were 45.5%, 88% and 97%, inhibition blood-feeding were obtained 38%, 97.5% and 100%. Results showed that at 2.5, 5 and 20 g/m2 of DEET impregnated nets 28.5, 25 and 7% of mosquitoes were able to pass through holes in the tunnel, respectively. Inhibition of biting at three interval doses, 2.5, 5 and 20 g/m2 was 93.5%, 97.5% and 100%, respectively and mortality rates were 91.5%, 86.5% and 92.5% which is significantly different compared to control.Discussion and conclusion: Bifenthrin and DEET caused high mortality at the lower concentration and also we observed a significant inhibition of blood-feeding with these compounds, even at the lower concentration. Despite its slower Knock-down effect and irritancy. Slower Knock-down effect, lower irritability and higher toxicity of bifenthrin than other pyrethriods, caused it suggested for treatment of mosquito nets against An.stephensi. Selection of pyrethroids for mosquito vector control and personal protection should take into account the different effect of these insecticides, the status of pyrethroid resistance in the target area, and the importance of nuisance mosquitoes.

Background: Menopause is one of the steps in women's life which accompany with a lot of problems. The most common of these problems is hot flashes. Many treatments that suggested for hot flashes were not accepted by women due to side effect of ineffectiveness.Aims: This study was developed to assess the efficacy of vitamin E, which is an inoffensive drug, for the alleviation of hot flashes in menopausal women.Material & Methods: Sixty menopause women suffering from hot flashes were selected and divided into two groups using randomized sampling method. Afterwards the first group received 400 IU vitamin E daily while the other group received placebo for four weeks. In this study cross over design was used. In order to eliminate the carry over effect one week washout was considered. Then the drugs were reversed for each group and the study was continuing for another four weeks. In each group hot flashes frequency, hot flashes severity and maturation index of vaginal cells before treatment, after the first period of treatment and after second period of treatment compared with each others. The result included that: The difference of hot flashes frequency and hot flashes severity before treatment and at the end of first treatment period and also before treatment at the end of second treatment period were highly significant in both groups. It is noticeable that there were a significant difference between hot flashes frequency and hot flashes severity at the end of first and second treatment period in both groups.Results: There were no significant differences between percentage of parabasal and superficial cells of vaginal sample before treatment and at the end of first treatment period and also before treatment, and at the end of second treatment period in but groups.Conclusion: The evaluation of the results indicated that but vitamin E and placebo could alleviate the hot flashes symptoms but the effect of vitamin E comparing with placebo is more significant.

Introduction: Psoriasis is a dermal disease with chronic recurrent and variable clinical schematic. Its cause isn’t known and its clinical symptoms are consist of cell proliferation, dermatitis, irritation and non predicted periods of heal and recurrent. Systemic and topical steroids are old treatments of psoriasis, but recently fumaric acid derivatives and cytotoxic drugs are prescribed. Because of the anti-inflammatory effect of glycyrrhetinic acid and reports of the use of Glycyrrhiza glabra extract in the treatment of psoriasis, suitable topical formulations from the extract of this plant was investigated.Materials & Methods: After determination of glycyrrhetinic acid in the plant extract, six different semisolid formulation of plant was prepared and the physicochemical stability, drug release of various W/O bases, content uniformity, chemical content assay and drug release of all formulations were studied.Results: Although three of the topical formulations (No.1, 2 and 3) were physicochemically stable, the formulations of number 4 and 5 were more unstable and the last formulation (number 6) was the most unstable ones. The results of this study indicated that the release of drug is completely depend on the solvent and, when ethanol 70% were used as solvent, the profile of the releasing of the drug was optimum. However, using the buffer phosphate as solvent would change the releasing profile of the drug to a slow releasing profile type.Conclusion: By regarding to good results and high amounts of glycyrrhetinic acid in the rhizome of G. glabra and accessibility of the plant, this formulation is proposed as a suitable product for psoriasis treatment.

Introduction: Preeclampsia is an important cause of maternal and prenatal mortality and morbidity in the world. The etiology of this relatively common medical complication of pregnancy, however, remains unknown. Deficient or excessive level trace elements can be an adverse factor.Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate copper status in women with preeclampsia with a view to explore the possible contribution of this parameter to the etiology.Materials and Methods: Sixty preeclamptic, sixty normotensive pregnant and sixty healthy non- pregnant women were enrolled in a case - control study. The 24- hour urine copper was compared among the women.Results: There was significant difference in copper concentration of 24- hour urine among the three groups due to the difference between preeclamptic and normotensive pregnant women (12.19±3.71 vs 5.69±2.05, p<0.0001). A correlation was found between the copper concentration and outcome of pregnancy.Conclusion: Our results are consistent with some previous reports. Prospective studies are needed to determine whether observed alternation in copper precede preeclampsia or the difference may be attributed to preeclampsia - related alternations in maternal trace metal metabolism.

Objective: Concerning the possible role of CGRP in NMJ, the aim of this research was to study the effect of an endurance training program on relative content of this neuropeptide in NMJ, of fast plantaris and slow Soleus muscles of female rats.Methods: The end plates were identified by FITCc-labled-a-bungarotoxin and relative content of CGRP of never endings were determined by Immunohistochemical and Image analysis methods. The size of NMJs was also measured.Results: In both muscles less than %14 of NMJs were moderately and strongly stained (sign of CGRP presence), while more than %50 of them did not have CGRP. In trained rats less than %16 NinJs showed CGRP in Soleus. There was similar trend in plantaris muscles, which was not significant. In both trained muscles, the size of NMJs was larger than control muscles.Conclusion: The results indicated that in contrast to cell body and axon, after endurance training, the amount of CGRP in NMJs decreased. With respect to the structural and functional roles of CGRP, these findings indicate the importance of physical activity in preventions/treatment of neuromuscular disorders.

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the microleakage at cervical margins of class V composite restorations with thickened no filled adhesive, flowable composite, filled adhesive and glass- ionomer liners (light cured, conventional).Materials & Methods: Thirty recently extracted human molars were prepared with standardized class V cavities of 5mm length (mesial- distal x 2mm width (occlusal- gingival), and 1.5mm depth with cervical margins located 1.5mm under CEJ on the buccal and lingual surfaces. The cavities were randomly assigned into 6 groups (n= 10); group 1-SBMP +Filtek Z250 (control); group 2 – SBMP +2 layer of adhesive of SBMP located only on the gingival wall (3 layers) + Filtek Z250; group 3- SBMP + filled adhesive (PQ1)1 layer located only on the gingival wall + Filtek Z250; group 4 – SBMP + Filtek Flow 1 layer located only on the gingival wall (0.5mm) + Filtek Z250; group 5 – Fuji II LC (1 layer only on the gingival wall with 0.5mm thickness) + SBMP + Filtek Z250 and group 6 –Fuji II LC (1 layer only on the gingival wall with 0.5mm thickness) + SBMP + Filtek Z250. After immersion in tap water for 24h, the specimens were thermocycled (500X 5- 55 c, 30 sec dwell time) and then immersed in a 0.5% basic fuchsine solution for 24h. The restorations were sectioned longitudinally at buccolingual direction and were observed under the stereo-microscope at 40x magnification and extent of dye penetration was assesd according to ISO TR 11405, 2003. Data was subjected to the Kruskal –Wallis and Mann- Withney U test (p<0.05).Results: groups III, V and VI showed lesser microleakage than group I (p<0.05). Groups I, II and IV showed similar microleakage (p>0.05).Conclusion: This study showed that any of used methods could not completely eliminate the cervical microleakag, but glaas-ionomer liners and filled adhesive could reduce the cervical microleakage.

Introduction: Religion always has supportive role in stressful life and was as a guideline that people nowadays need for dealing with stressful life. Most of patient talks about holiness and religion and consider them cause of self–relief. Because of these nurse must provide religious environment for patients so that they could perform the religious activities.Objective: The main aim of the survey was to determine of the knowledge of nurses about communication and care of patients in basis of religious rules.Materials and Methods: This research was a descriptive survey. The method of collecting information was completion a questionnaire with 24 question regarding nurses knowledge about communication and care of patient in bases of religious rules. The research sample was a society of 144 nurses who work in lmam Khomeini Hospital.Results: Concerning to the knowledge of nurses in communication, 22.3% had good and 77.2% had middle score. Regarding the care of patients, 66.7% of the nurses had good knowledge and 31.9% ones had middle score.Conclusion: With regards to the lack of nurse's knowledge (only 22 percent of them were with good knowledge) the result of this research shows that manager must held knowledge promotion programs about religious rules. While maintenance and to respect the religious believes, and the value of them causes improvement physical condition.