JOURNAL OF THE FACULTY OF LETTERS AND HUMANITIES (TEHRAN)
Year:2008 | Volume:58 | Issue:184|Papers Count:10

The data of the present article was collected through a randomly classified data collection process, a questionnaire, and a speech completion test; the data, then, was analyzed through the statistical square method. The hypothesis of the present research is that Tehrani dialect is different from other Persian dialects (Isfahani, Shirazi, Mashadi, and Lori dialect) regarding its vocalic conformity. The conclusion of the research  is that in addition to intra-linguistic and linguistics-related factors,  the following extra-linguistic factors also affect the use of vocalic conformity: the frequency of occurrence of the linguistic element, prestige, exposure to mass media, formality or informality of the context, and whether the intended dialect is learnt as the second language or not. The final conclusion is that linguistic and linguistics-related realities should be taken as effects rather than factors. 

Before the establishment of Athens Science College, the most ancient foothold of scientific reflection was the philosophical and scientific boards of the Zoroastrian clergy (Moghs). The reports at hand prove that Greek thinkers and philosophers have enjoyed the springs of Persian knowledge in several ways. One of the oldest available sources to study the socio-intellectual conditions of Ancient Persia is Avesta; the ancient Persians’ scripture. Another proof to the centrality of the Persians, the Zoroastrian Clergy in particular, to the ancient knowledge is the accounts of ancient philosophers and historians, some of which are mentioned in the present article.It so appears that having learnt mathematics and astronomy from Babel as well as other neighboring countries, the Zoroastrian and/or the median Clergy launched a movement to develop the knowledge of time; then having stabilized the Persian worldview and philosophy, they launched another movement to transfer this knowledge to other nations. Under Achaemenians, Persia enjoyed great political, military, economic, and scientific power; hence it was powerful enough to transfer knowledge to other countries. In fact, Governors (Satraps) were the political and cultural representatives of Persia in other countries, who were usually accompanied by the clergy and/or the clerk (dabir). The two latter could successfully render the Persian thoughts and worldview to other nations. As a result, having developed in the East, i.e. in Persia, the popular Ancient knowledge, particularly philosophy, medicine, and astronomy was transferred to the West; after centuries, having become more developed, it returned to the East again.At the Islamic era, the Persians established many science centers, the most important of which was Beyt al-Hikmat (House of Knowledge) in Baghdad, where many scientific works from the languages of science, i.e. Sanskrit, Mid-Persian (Pahlavi), Syriac, and Greek were translated into Arabic; they also launched a movement to develop their contemporary knowledge; all of which was later yielded the West up. Nowadays the scholars of East and West unanimously acknowledge that the developed knowledge and Technology of the West is, no doubt, indebted to the scholars of the Islamic as well as other Eastern countries. Evidently, the Persians and their science centers, especially Gundishapour, have played an important role in the developmental trend of knowledge and sciences.

The main objective of the present article is to examine the linguistic features of Jami’s Nafahat al-Ons. Through research on Nafahat, the article seeks to examine the use of words, phrases, verbs, Arabic clauses, phrasal verbs, and verbal commonalities to examine the degree of the impact of Quranic verses, anecdotes (Hadith), words of the sage (Mashayekh), and the Arabic proverbs on Nafahat; and to note other features of Jami’s language, such as reduplication, the specialized use of diminutive (ک), and the metathesis of verbs and letters, to provide more information. The article also aims to note Jami’s observance of the Sophie traditions, and the folklore as a stylistic feature of his work.

Among the manuscripts of Qareman Library in Turkey, there is a Persian manuscript on asceticism and mysticism, which belongs to 7th A.H. This work- which based on the clues and the significations of it, has been written in the second half of 6th A.H.- is of significance in many aspects; the text structure, the number of parables, quatrains and Persian couplets, the manuscript’s prose, and the author’s tone. Evidently this manuscript can be the basis for innovative researches in the field of khanqahi and mystical writing.

Sadr al-Moteállehin considers the matter of the unity between the Reasonable and the Sensible as one of the most complicated philosophical issues, not having become reformed and polished by any scholar up to his own time. Having resorted to the principle of contention as well as other principles, he has given it a dialectical dimension. This principle of unity was first introduced by Ferforius of Alexandria. In “Shafa” and “Esharat”, Avicenna severely challenges this principle. After Sadr al-Moteállehin, scholars such as Molla Hadi Sabzevari and many others have challenged his clinchers. The present article provides an analysis of the features of this issue; it also examines its justifications as well as the pitfalls attributed to it.

Khaqani Shivaani's poems are khown to be complicated and difficalt to understand. Various factors are responisible for the difficulity of khagani's divan. Novel innovative metaphors, innovative ironies extensive allusions, abundant adaptations from Qur'anic verses, traditions and inte, pratations, making use of common beliefs & scientific temionology are among the factors accounting for the mysterious qulity of his poems. An enquiry into some sources can often be of help in decoding diffrcalties of khaqari's divan.

Quran commentaries and books on sufism contain an extensive range of concepts, related to Islamic literature and theology; an intensive, systematic study of such concepts might lead to many splendid results. One of the most basic concepts, often proposed in these text is God’s Greatest Name; a concept which has been given due consideration by many scholars all through the history of Islamic thought. This topic has been so wonderful and engrossing that many mystics and sufis have speculated about it, each considering one of the names of God- the Mighty, the Glorious-as His Greatest name.

The present article reviews the etymology of “Father-in-law” and “Mother-in-Law” in Indo-European languages in brief. Firstly, the dominant culture of Indo-European societies is briefly described. Then, several theories on the etymology of the above mentioned words in the hypothetical Indo-European language are introduced. The main body of the present research comprises a study of these words in Indo-European languages, all the examples of which have been extracted from old texts. Afterwards different forms of these words used in the old, mid, and modern Persian languages are compared. Finally, the similarity of different forms of these words in the languages of the same family is demonstrated, so that the principle of relativity of languages is confirmed.

The present article aims at representing a research domain in Tarikh al-Vozara- the lexis; it also explains the meaning of the book's sayings and examples. The first step to achieve the goal was to study this goal was to study this invaluable book, so that its research potentials, in the field of lexis and language in particular; would be revealed. The study showed that the above mentioned work is untapped to several fields of study; literary, historical, sociological, etc. The study of Tarikh al-VOzara led to a be product; the extraction of several expressions with allusive and figurative meanings, which made the basis for the present research. Two criteria have governed the choice of expressions for this research: the enjoyment of the expression of unral meanings, and the non-existence of their meaning in monolingual Persian dictionaries.

Evidently, literary style is one of the main elements of short story writing, which is itself an important literary technique of contemporary fiction. The present article examines Lady Emily’s short stories; Lady Emily is one of the most prominent contemporary Lebanese writers. Due to the importance of getting acquainted with this writer, the article first provides a brief description of her canon; then it gives a number of evidences, extracted from her stories, in order to represent the existence of the two most salient features of short stories, i.e. “objectivity” and “plausibility”, in her writings.The article, then, notes the point of the narrator writer in almost all her stories and its significance in the application of her literary style; afterwards it describes the literary style of her stories. Then, describing her soliloquy techniques, the article gives some examples of Lady Emily’s stories, consequently representing the use of two types of soliloquy techniques in the works of this Lebanese woman writer.