Journal of Environmental Studies
Year:2007 | Volume:32 | Issue:40|Papers Count:16

Population growth, urbanization, changes in people living methods pollution in closed have all caused lots of problems like different kinds of environmental pollution. Nowadays big cities like Tehran are faced with these problems' consequences so intensively that different air pollutants concentrations increase day by day. Air pollution studying includes both indoor and outdoor air quality parameters. Furthermore, considering that people pass most of their time in closed spaces and indoor environments magnifies the significance of indoor air quality studying. So, in this research, the indoor air quality of residential houses in region 1 and 5 of Tehran has been studied with more emphasis on PM10. Some sampling stations (20 houses) have been selected on the basis of frequent surveys of the regions and the related maps to measure the pollutants. The result includes: Generally PM10 level in the stations which are near the street has been more than the stations which are located in the allies, in both regions. PM10 level in one-floor buildings has been more than the others. PM10 level in region 5 stations has been more than regional. The particulate matters distribution in 1, 2.5 and 10 micron categories are as following: There is a meaningful relationship between PM10, PM 2.5 and PM1 levels, when PM10 level is high, PM2.5 and PM1 levels are high too. According to the samples analysis PM10 concentration has been more than PM2.5 and it has been more than PMI intern. Steps to reduce exposure to particle matter include: sources controlling, proper ventilation, cleaning house, using appropriate equipment, solving planning, building and maintaining problems.

The executive national regulations for solid waste management have recently ratified and corn to notification. This can be a great step forward in solid waste management issues in Iran. One of the main components of Landfill as a prime element of solid waste management system is liner which has the determinant role in restraining the landfill pollutants from infiltrating to the environment. Nowadays, as the clear, straightforward regulation does not exist in the country, the landfills are not well managed and have turned to open-uncontrolled dumpsites. These have an obviously adverse effect on environment and in particular groundwater. This article has briefly gone through different options of landfill liners and then has contemplated regulations concerning landfill liners in different countries. On the other hand the local situation effective on the type of liner has been investigated and Waste category and the amount of hydrologic leach ate on site has been selected as the main parameters to determine the liner type in different locations in the country. The proposed liner types based on aforementioned criteria vary in wide range from 30cm compacted clay liner to a composite liner comprised of a geomembrane and 1 meter compacted clay or equivalent GCL for different site characteristics.

In this research a fixed- dome Biogas unit (Chinese's model) with a capacity of 1.8 m3 gas/day and 50 days retention time was designed and installed. The diameter of the hemispherical digester was 3 meters which was built with masonry material (brick, cement, sand). In this unit, digested slurry will go out through a channel with dimensions of 1.35* 0.65,* 1.25 m. by oneness of an easy technology a kind of mechanical agitator (Paddle mixer) was designed and installed on the plant. The unit was loaded daily with 40 kg cow manure and vegetable residue during 4 weeks. The amount of biogas production after mixing the slurry was measured via dry gas-meter in the end of each week. After mixing the slurry by designed agitator the average of biogas production increased about 42%. A water trap was used for eliminating the water vapor; furthermore the amount of BOD5 and COD in the anaerobic digester reduced to 90.2% and 89.2% respectively, and the average of pH for digested slurry was measured about 7.5. It should be mentioned that pressure of generated biogas was about 25 cm H2O during four weeks.

Archaeological scatters on the landscapes present us with spatially patterned materials and features. Linking these spatial patterns to proximate aspects of scatter structure formation, and ultimately, to understand the effect of land use systems in which landscape taphonomy occurred is one goal, I see for landscape degradation analysis. While in the literature there has been a growing awareness of the pattern recognition problems posed by surface artifact distributions, due to the destruction or alteration of accompanying contextual information by landscape taphonomy processes, we see no substantive results appeared in Iran. Analytical techniques for the description classification and quantitative analysis of surface data remain here poorly developed and have often been incorrectly used and interpreted. These shortcomings highlight the need for some consideration to be given to the role of problem orientation in addressing the methodological and technical problems posed by surface scatter distributions. The main concern of this paper is to investigate and interpret the effects of land use patterns on the distribution of surface artifacts. Our discussion focuses on providing a quantitative model which constitutes an analytical framework integrating methods and theory. This project uses an example provided by the archaeological survey project undertaken at Garrangu River Basin from 1992 onwards in the Northwestern Iran. As a case study, land use dynamics of an archaeological landscape were measured through the study period, and Markov Chain Models were used to project observed changes of artifact distributional structures over a 50 years period.

Dissolved heavy metal concentrations in Tadjan River water were determined through sampling and analysis of river water from 11 sampling stations along river including downstream of pollution sources during 2000-2001. Average concentrations of Cd, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn, Co and Fe in winter were 9.7, 4.5, 28.5, 10.9, 20.3, 49.8, 23.1 and 391.5μg/m3 respectively. In spring, summer and fall average metal concentrations were 12.1, 5.8, 35.0, 13.2, 24.9, 62.8, 27.9,465 and 80.3, 29.7, 74.5, 28.5, 58.5, 66.7, 22.1, 1767.7 and 62.5, 24.9, 62.1, 22.3, 41.3, 58.6, 22.9, 985.7 μg/m3 respectively. Concentrations of Cd, Ni and Pb particularly in summer and fall were higher than maximum acceptable concentrations and recommended concentrations of EPA and WHO. Results revealed that all dissolved metal concentrations except Co in summer are higher than other seasons. Effect of main pollution sources of the river (i.e. pulp and paper mill, city of Sari) on metal contamination of the river particularly in summertime and fall were determined.

The city form is shaped by set of decisions made by residents. It must be controlled otherwise; chaos would rule the whole city systems. That is why all societies need codes and regulations to control decisions and correct and facilitate their performance till the same people live securely and know that they can expect others to follow the same regulations. Part of people decision is a function of urban planning-codes and -regulations control that may have spatial and physical reflection. Sustainable development can lead to equity in length and width of time, which certainly can be considered as goal of such codes and regulations. Infect, composing urban - codes and – regulations is a mean to achieve goals of sustainable development and ensuring formation of a sustainable residency. While studies on codes and regulations considered as criteria for enforcing in Tehran, methodologies like comparative researching and utopia typology, showed that present codes and regulations could not be tailored to Tehran urban planning and its sustainable development.

In studying or designing urban public green spaces, the first step is paying serious attention to cultural values, historic background, ideological principles, aesthetics criteria and environmental conditions of the society. These factors are so important that neglecting even one, can reduce quality of design and alter the unity and wholeness of the design as a desired identity for a specific society with its own culture and ideas. This article endeavors to introduce pattern as "Garden of Existence" based on Iranian intellectual cultural foundations with benefiting from historic experiences of Iranian civilization. This pattern is based on Iranian points of view about existence of human beings. Indeed symbolic meanings and signs of existence and its hierarchy are manifested in the plan, space, functions and spatial organization of the garden. The main headings of the article are as follows: introduction, introducing the hierarchy of existence, geometrical form of the garden, bounds of the garden, entrance of the garden, the center of the garden, the third domain of the garden, the main functions of domains of the garden, principles and foundations of symbols, management of the garden, and conclusion.

Now a day, the protection of environment is the most important problem of the international and regional organizations. For protecting the environment more efficiently and reaching to this appointment, the citizens must have the necessary information about that, so they can participate in this programme. In this regard, for expending and stabling the right to information of their citizens, the European Court of Human Rights and the other European organizations interpret the European Convention of Human Rights in manner evaluative. They want to develop and institutionalize the right of information of citizens. In the first part of this article, the importance of the existence of the information about the environment and Right to information are discussed. Then we talk about the points of view of the European Convention of Human Rights about this right. In the other part the methods of the European Court of Human Rights about recognizing and protecting this right are discussed.

Different Climatic elements have movements and variation during time which must be recognized them. Some of these variations are regular or irregular patterns. The irregular variation is known as random changes. Thus it was used Random Changes models for measuring and Random changes seasonal and annual precipitation of Iran. According to measuring and forcast models all stations had random seasonal precipitation changes. Seasonal precipitation of Ahvas, Bandar Anzali, Tabriz and Yazd had change Models but other stations were change Models Annual precipitation all stations except Tabriz were under random changes effective.

Most of questions about diversity and species richness don't have answer yet. Whereas conservation from ecosystem and its function cause to interaction which do in ecosystem, in this research in part of Kurdistan Saral grasslands in two section with light grazing (site I) and heavy grazing (site II) have been engage to relationship between species richness and production (standing crop) and also hump-shape model between species richness and production. In this two site 209 plots were sampled on random-systematic method. Regression analyses were carried out using species richness as dependent variable, and production as independent variable. Results showed that in site I, species richness has positive liner and quadratic with total production (p<0.05). Relationship between species richness with grasses production of site II and production of total area was not significant (p>0.05). Positive liner and quadratic relationship between species richness with herbs production and total production of site II and total area was significant (p<0.05). In this research, negative relationship didn't observed. Hump-shape model has been observed between species richness with herbs production and total production of site II and both area; this show a peak in species richness at a low to intermediate level of biomass. So, under moderate grazing, with optimum production, diversity and species richness will preserved; and this matter is necessary to strategy of management of grasslands.

For quantitative and qualitative investigation of Juniperus polycarpus forests, its stands in Kopedagh hillsides in Khorasan province were selected. The maps of slope, aspects and elevation were prepared and combined together with GIS and landform units map were made. Due to beater results of phiiography method in land zooning and due to less standard deviation and suitable equality of stratification method, these methods were used in this research. Due to need to at least 3 replications for compare means tests and impassable situation of study area 3 sample plots ( as 3 replications) with 2500 m2 area were selected systematically randomly per land form unit and in totally 45 sample plots were selected. The parameters inclodes diameter at breast height, total height, crown height, crown surfaces were recorded and other parameters including number of trees per hectares, basal area, medium basal area, D/H ratio, CH/Ct ratio, regeneration, health and vigor trees percent were indicated. The results show the considered stands are uneven age stands. The stands of the study are sparser than other Juniperus stands of Iran and its number of trees per hectare is less than others. The crown cover is low and the distance between trees in some area of the study area is so long that it can not named as forest area. Destruction, shallow and under erosion soil and recent famine caused philological weakness and increased the potential of illness by disease and pests.

Rangeland ecosystem contains various patches with different functions. Structural and functional characteristics of rangeland patches are change by management practices and can be used for interpreting of management effects. Grazing intensity and land cultivation are the most important factors in range degradation and decrease range function. Zarand Save and Taleghan selected for comprising patches with each other also, determination management effects. Then 5 management treatments including 3 grazing intensity (weak, moderate, heavy) and 2 cultivation practices (cultivated land in current year and relict area) were chosen. The land with light grazing selected as reference area. in each treatment 5 structural attributes included: patch number, total patch area, patch area index, landscape organization index and inter patch length mean and three functional attributes included stability, infiltration and nutrient cycling were determined. Results showed that by increasing grazing intensity, patch structure disturbed and distance between patches increased. Also stability and infiltration increased. Land cultivation increased infiltration and decreased stability. In relict area by establishing patches rangeland function improved.

Fish Biodiversity were studied at 18 stations in Talar River (one of the major Caspian Sea sub basin) from 1997 to 2004. In this research, 33 species of 14 families were found in the area. Cyprinidae was the most diverse of all families. Diversity of resident fish were more than that of migratory one. Fish species diversity increased toward down stream. According to IUCN, the categories of fish species are:1-Acipenser persicus, Acipenser stellatus and Salma trutta faria: vulnerable (VU) 2-Esoxlucius and Barbus capita: conservation dependent (cd)3- Caspiomyzon wagneri, Barbus lacerta, Barbus mursa, Chalcalburnus charladies and Vimba vimba: near threatened (nt) Most fish species of Talar River, are important in terms of sport fishing.