Iranian South Medical Journal
Year:2015 | Volume:17 | Issue:5|Papers Count:24

Background: Previous studies have shown that use of supraphysiologocal doses of anabolic adrogenic steroids (AAS) associated with detrimental cardiovascular effects including ventricular hypertrophy, increased susceptibility to ischaemia/reperfusion injury, impairment of exercise-induced cardioprotection and sudden cardiac death. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the impact of 8 weeks treatment of AAS nandrolone decanoate (10 mg/kg/week), on ischemic preconditioning (IPC) phenomena in isolated hearts of sedentary rats.Materials and Methods: Three groups of animals were studied in the present study. Control ischemia/reperfusion injury group (IR), 2- Ischemic preconditioned group before main test ischemia and reperfusion (IPC+IR), and 3- Nandrolone treated ischemic preconditioned group before main test ischemia and reperfusion (Nan+IPC+IR). After two months of nandrolone and/or its solvent, the isolated Langendorff perfused rat hearts were subjected to 30 min of ischemia followed by 120 min reperfusion. The IPC was induced by three cycles of 3-min occlusion and 3-min reperfusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) before main test ischemia. Heart rate, left ventricular developed pressure (LVDP), rate pressure product (RPP), Max dp/dt, Min dp/dt and coronary flow were recorded during experiment. Infarction size was measured after 120 min reperfusion by TTC staining. Results: Eight weeks’ nandrolone treatment decreased body weight and increased cardiac to body weight ratio in treated rats. Nandrolone increased pre-ischemic base line cardiac function parameters in the rat hearts. Cardiac function recovery parameters in different time points during reperfusion were also greater in nandrolone treated rats compared to their respective controls. IPC decreased infarct size in the rats (P<0.05). Nandrolone could not significantly change the infarct size lowering effect of IPC in the rat heart.Conclusion: The present study revealed that chronic supraphysiological doses of AAS nandrolone, could not impair cardioprotective effects of ischemic preconditioning in isolated rats heart.

Backgrand: Multi-drug resistance due to Acinetobacter baumannii strains has become a significant challenge. Efflux pump plays a vital role in the development of resistance in this bacteria. The aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency of the AdeABC efflux pump genes and its role in resistance to imipenem in clinical isolates of A.baumannii.Materials and methods: A total of 56 isolates of A.baumannii were collected from different clinical specimens of Valiasr hospital in the Arak –Iran and all isolates were identified by standard biochemical tests. The Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns were determined by disk diffusion method and minimum inhibitory concentrations of imipenemin via E-test strips with and without CCCP efflux pump inhibitor were determined according to CLSI guidelines. The PCR test was used to detect the AdeABC efflux pump genes in isolates.Results: All A.bumannii isolates were resistant to cefotaxim, ceftazidim, cefepim, cefoxitin, azteronam, piperacillin-tazobactam and ciprofloxacin, as well as all isolates were resistant to imipenem according to the results of the E-test method. Imipenem MIC with efflux pump inhibitor not reduced in all isolates and showed no differences in imipenem activity. The adeA, adeB and adeC genes were found in 100%, 100% and 96.5% of isolates, respectively.Conclusion: AdeABC efflux system contributes to resistance to other antibiotics and resistance to imipenem has not been involved with this efflux system in A.baumanni isolates in current study and other mechanism such as carbapenemase enzymes play vital role to imipenem resistance in A.baumanni isolates.

Background: Chronic hepatitis is a variety of liver dysfunctions with different causes and severities in which inflammation and necrosis last for at least six months. Choice treatment for all chronic viral hepatitis is interferon Alpha (IFN-a). Decreasing bone mass density (BMD) may lead to some complications such as non-traumatic spontaneous fractures. Regarding the decreased bone mass complications and existed dilemma, we conducted the current study to compare the BMD in chronic hepatitis patients before and after the IFN-a treatment.Material and Methods: In a cohort study a total of 22 patients with chronic C- hepatitis needed to be treated with IFN-a were evaluated. All the patients underwent bone mineral densitometry at lumbar spine and femoral neck before and six months after the IFN-a treatment. The BMD result was recorded in information sheet. After the treatment, patients were evaluated again by BMD. All the necessary information such as age, sex, co-morbidity and another medication history were asked and recorded. IFN-a dosage was three million IU three times a week. The gathered data were entered SPSS version 14 and analyzed through Chi-Square and Wilcoxon tests to compare the means. Results: Among 22 patients 21 (95.5%) were male. Mean age was 34.04±7.83 years and half of the patients were in 30 to 35 years age group. The participants had not significant difference in bone mass density indices (Z-score and T-score) before and after treatment with IFN-a (P-value>0.05). The bone mass density indices had not significant difference between different age groups of hepatitis C patients before and after treatment with IFN-a (P-value>0.05).Conclusion: In the current study IFN-a used in the treatment of patients with hepatitis C, had no significant effect on both femoral neck and lumbar spine BMD in them. To evaluate the long term effects of IFN-a it is suggested to do more studies with longer duration, however, the BMD may improve when the inflammation been alleviated long term.

Background: In neurofeedback systems, people are able to reinforce or hinder their basic EEG rhythms according to operant conditioninin recent studies the effect of neurofeedback training on improvement of working memory has been shown on the healthy subjects. Disadvantage of neurofeedback is the high number of training sessions and high cost. In previous studies, alpha band power within (8-12 Hz) has been considered for all subjects. Previous research reached the conclusion that by using individual upper alpha in neurofeedback, learning rate will increase, so the training sessions and the cost of training will be reduced.Material and Methods: In this study, all participants were female, 10 adults (10 women, mean age 33.8 years, SD=3.56 years). Randomly assigned to control and test group, five in test group and five in control group. Each subject performed the memory test four times, two times before the start of the first neurofeedback training and two times after the end of the last neurofeedback session. Eight training sessions were held, each session had three trials.Results: Discriminate response to the color of the drawing, as well as reaction time had significant effects for test group (p<0.05), but had no significant effects for control group (p>0.05). Before and after eight training sessions by individual upper alpha power neurofeedback, reaction time of discriminate response to the color of the drawing for test group decreased and had significant effects (p<0.05). However, There was no significant effects in the control group (p>0.05).Conclusion: Increasing relative individual upper alpha power, caused by neuro feedback training during eight sessions, indicated that this method increases the memory of women employees, and improves the ability of discriminative response to the color (red & green) of the drawing as well as reducing reaction time.

Background: Based upon the anecdotal results about caffeine dose effects on exercise-induced inflammatory response, the present study was conducted to identify the effect of different doses of caffeine on acute inflammatory response following one-session exhaustive resistance training in male volleyball players.Materials & Methods: A total of 30 male elite volleyball players (aged 20-25 years and body fat 10-15%) in a quasi-experimental, randomized and double-blind design were allocated equally into three randomized homogeneous groups: supplement groups (Caffeine intake: 6 or 9 mg.kg-1) and placebo group (Dextrose intake: 6 mg.kg-1). After the supplementation, all subjects were participated in a one-session exhaustive resistance weight-training (with 80% of one repetition maximum). Changes in serum Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-a) and C-reactive protein (CRP) were determined in three phases (Baseline, 45 min after the supplementation and 24 hours after the training protocol).The normal data were analyzed by repeated measure ANOVA at a≤0.05.Results: The serum TNF-a and CRP significantly increased 45 min after Caffeine intake (6 or 9 mg.kg-1) and 24 hours after one-session resistance training (P<0.05). However, the 24-hour response of serum TNF-a and CRP following one-session resistance training in the caffeine groups were significantly less than in the placebo group (P<0.05).Conclusion: According to the results, it can be concluded that the acute ingestion of 6 or 9 mg.kg-1 of caffeine could similarly result in reduced resistance exercise-induced inflammatory response in male volleyball players.

Background: One of the features of Malta fever is diversity of hematologic manifestations. The Aim of This study was to evaluate hematologic findings of brucellosis and its association with titer of wright agglutination test.Materials & Methods: This study was a cross - sectional and analytical study that was conducted on 189 patients with brucellosis in the Arak in 2011. The diagnostic criteria of the disease were the Wright test and 2-Mercaptoethanol (2ME) agglutinin assay with titers greater than 1:160 and 1:80, respectively, and clinical symptoms compatible with brucellosis. Data were obtained from patient records and were analyzed with SPSS version 16.Results: From 189 patients with Brucellosis who were enrolled in study 67.8% was male, Mean age in men was 37.8±23.3 years and in women 36.9±15.3 years. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate in 44.5% was between 21- 40 and in 2.1% was above 60. 45% of patients had qualitative CRP levels higher than +2. Leukopenia in 9%, anemia 19%, thrombocytopenia 7.4% was seen. In 27.8% the lymphocyte cell count was predominant. 7.5% of patients had eosinophilia of more than 5% and 4.8% with bicytopenia and 1.6% had pancytopenia. The association between titer of wright test and sex, ESR, leucopenia, thrombocytopenia and anemia was not observed, (P>0.05) but with CRP>1+ (P=0.0001) and age over 45 years (P= 0.017 association was significant.Conclusion: Brucellosis should be considered as a differential diagnosis among patients whose blood picture reveals anemia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia or pancytopenia. There is no relation between wright titer and hematologic manifestation. In comparison with similar studies in other countries, hematologic abnormality is lower in our patients.

Background: Detection of bacterial contamination in drinking water by culture method is a time and cost consuming method and spends a few days depending on contamination degree. However, the people use the tap water during that time. Molecular methods are rapid and sensitive. In this study a rapid Multiplex PCR method was used for rapid analysis both coliform bacteria and E.coli, and probable detection of VBNC bacteria in drinking water, the experiments were performed in bacteriological lab of water and Wastewater Corporation in Markazi province.Material and Methods:Amplification of a fragment from each of lacZ and uidA genes in a Multiplex PCR was used for detection of coliforms. Eight samples was taken from Arak drinking water system including 36 samples of wells, 41 samples of water distribution network and 3 samples from water storages were examined by amplification of lacZ and uidA genes in a Multiplex PCR. Equivalently, the MPN test was applied as a standard method for all samples for comparison of results. Standard bacteria, pure bacteria isolated from positive MPN and CRM were examined by PCR and MPN method. Results: The result of most samples water network, water storages, and water well were same in both MPN and PCR method .The results of standard bacteria and pure cultures of bacteria isolated from positive MPN and CRM confirmed the PCR method. Five samples were positive in PCR but negative in MPN method. Duration time of PCR was decreased about 105 min by changing the PCR program and electrophoreses factors.Conclusion: The Multiplex PCR can detect coliform bacteria and E.coli synchronous in drinking water.

Background: Avicennia marina (Forssk.) Vierh. belongs to Acantaceae family. Due to biological active compounds and traditional use of it’s leaves to treat rheumatic disease and wounds, seems that this plant has significant anti-microbial effects. The aim of this study was to determine antimicrobial effect of the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Avicennia marina (different concentrations) on Staphylococcus epidermidis PTCC 1435, Streptococcus pyogenes PTCC 1447 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa PTCC 1310” in vitro”.Material &Methods: In this study, antimicrobial effect of the extracts was evaluated by two methods, “Collins method” (spreading of the extract on medium surface) and “disk agar diffusion method”. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) for both species determined using a dilution method. Statistical analysis was carried out by analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results: The results showed that in "disk agar diffusion test ", ethanolic extract had inhibitory effect on Staphylococcus epidermidis and Streptococcus pyogenes. The results showed that in, “Collins method” aqueous extract did not show any inhibitory effect on Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The result showed that MIC of Avicenna marina leaves of the aqueous and ethanolic extracts for Pseudomonas aeruginosa were 32 and 16 mg/ml, respectively. The MBC aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Avicenna marina leaves for Pseudomonas aeruginosa were, 64 and 32 mg/ml respectively.Conclusions: Pseudomonas aeruginosa was resistant to most of the aqueous and ethanolic Avicenna marina extracts. The ethanolic extract of Avicenna marina leaves “in vitro” have a significant antimicrobial effect on gram-negative bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa and the gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus epidermidis and Streptococcus pyogenes.

Background: Hyperlipidemia can be cause a variety of diseases such as atherosclerosis, diabetes and fatty liver and subsequent liver enzyme increases. The Portulaca Oleracea plant has hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic properties. Therefore, in this study the effect of Portulca Oleracea herb extract on serum liver enzymes including aspartate aminotransferase (SGOT or AST), alanine aminotransferase (SGPT or ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in rats were studied.Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, 60 Wistar rats were divided into 6 groups (n=10). Control group with normal diet, fat diet group and other groups, the experimental group received the same diet plus fat Portulaca oleracea extract maximum dose (800), the mean dose of (400), and a minimum dose of (200 mg / kg) or intraperitoneally injection (ip) and sort of Atorvastatin (10 mg kg). After the end of this period (21 days), blood sampling was performed and collected data were analyzed using the t and Tukey test, and SPSS software version 11.5.Results: Comparison of statistical results indicated that alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) increase in the control group that received only fatty foods, while the experimental groups received extract of Portulaca Oleracea, and groups receiving Atorvastatin had reduced levels of liver enzymes.Conclusion: Regarding hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic antioxidant activity of the extract and its effect on reducing liver enzymes, plant extracts can be recommended to improve liver function.

Background: One of the common nosocomial bacteria is methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Todays, herbal extracts like Zataria multiflora from Lamiaceae family are increasingly used. The aim of this study is the evaluation the antibacterial effect of Zataria Multiflora exteract on MRSA. Material and Methods: 232 strains of Staphylococcus aureus were examined for isolation of MRSA strains. As a result, 75 out of 232 strains were identified as MRSA by oxacillin screening method. Consequently, the antibacterial effect of Zataria multiflora on 75 strains of MRSA was evaluated. The extract of Z.multiflora was prepared from dried leaves, using maceration method. The antibacterial activity of the extract with initial concentration of 200 mg/ml was determined by micro broth dilution method.Results: It is showed that the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) is varied from 2-16 µg/ml for MRSA strains. It inhibited the growth of S.epidermidis, S.saprophyticus and methicillin sensitive S.aureus (MSSA), with approximately 8-16 µg/ml. The minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the extract that could destroy 62.6% MRSA strains and the other examined bacteria was 512 µg/ml and more. Conclusion: It seems that Zataria multiflora extract could inhibit the growth of all of mentioned bacteria. The bactericidal effect of Zataria multiflora extract was less than its bacteriostatic effect.

Background: Enterobacter cloacae is a rod-shaped, gram-negative bacillus, from the family of Enterobacteriaceae. It is an opportunistic pathogen and causes disease in plants and humans (premature and immunocompromised persons of all age groups). The goal of this study was to isolate and determine antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of Enterobacter cloacae strains isolated from consumed powdered infant formula (PIF) milk in Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) ward.Material and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, a total of 125 consumed powdered infant formula milk in NICU ward were surveyed. Isolation and Identification of microorganisms was carried out according to FDA method. Antimicrobial susceptibility test was performed using the standard disc diffusion method based on CLSI (2011) recommendations.Results: Enterobacter cloacae was isolated from 2 (1.6%) of 125 PIF milk samples. The results showed that isolated strains are sensitive to most antibiotics. All isolates were resistant to amoxicillin.Conclusion: Since the infant formula (PIF) samples are unsterile products and contamination could occure during different steps, it is imperative to prepare the infant formula milk foods according to the manufacturer’s instruction and in an aseptic condition. Contamination of PIF only could be reduced or prevented by monitoring the critical control points and taking appropriate action during the processing.

Background: Improper use of antibiotics in the past decades has lead to appearance of strains which are resistant to methicillin and vancomycin . Hospital personnel are the major source of infection and transmission of this bacterium. The aim this study was to determine the antibiotic susceptibility of to S.aureus isolated from personnel of Shiraz hospitals.Material and Methods: In this cross - sectional study in 1391,a total of 591 samples were collected from anterior nose of health care and health service workers of Shiraz hospitals. After identification of Staphylococcus aureus by biochemical and microbiological tests, antibiotic resistance patterns of isolates were investigated by disk diffusion method (CLSI) for 13 antibiotics. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values for vancomycin ,ticoplanin, linezolid and Quinupristin-Dalfopristin were assayed by E-test method (Liofilechem, Itly).Results: In this study14.6% of people were carriers of Staphylococcus aureus in their nose. 74% were health care workers and 26% were health service personnel. There was not statistically significant relation between being a nasal carrier with different jobs, wards or sex of personnel (p>0.05). The lowest resistance was seen for vancomycin, tiecoplanin, linezolid and Quinupristin-Dalfopristin (95.3%) and the high resistant antibiotic were amoxicillin and ampicillin (3.5%). In E-test method only two isolate was resistant to vancomycin. Only two strains were resistant to vancomycin in E-test method.Conclusion: As 14.6% of personnel in this study were carriers of Staphylococcus aureus and the isolates were resistant to most common antibiotics, thus determination of antibiotic resistance patterns for these resistant strains from hospital personnel can prevent nosocomial infections.

Background: Nitrate due to its high water solubility, poor absorption and having stable composition in the water, has been studied as the best index to indicate groundwater contamination. Borazjan, located in the north of Bushehr province, is one of fertile plains which nitrate contamination of groundwater has occurred in the most parts of it. Detecting the source of pollution and the most vulnerable areas were the aims of this study.Material and Methods: In this study, hydrochemical quality, especially in terms of nitrate, sulfate, chloride sodium, spatial and temporal variations and the origin of them in the groundwater of Borazjan plain, are studied. Groundwater samples from 12 wells were collected in April and August 2012 and assessed to determine the parameters of hydrochemistry and pollution.Results: Based on these results, severe nitrate contamination of groundwater, especially in the southern part of the plain, by agricultural activities, cesspool wells, domestic sewage and livestock and poultry wastewater the influence of the effluent from the aviculture, were occurred. Also, the quality of groundwater resources showed that concentration of Cl- , Na+, SO42- , and NO3- are more than standard limit and only in some areas of plain, concentration of ions such as NO3- and Na+ is less than the standard limit.Conclusion: According to the results of this study, using chemical fertilizers in terms of time period and amount of consumption should be properly managed. Furthermore, domestic wastewater, livestock and poultry wastewater should be controlled and the monitoring system for measuring the exact quantity and quality of groundwater resources must be completed.

Background: Infectious diseases are of the most important causes of mortality all around the world particular in developing countries. Recently, the most important thing that has worried medical society is antibiotic resistance. Multi-resistant gram_negative rods are important pathogens in hospitals, causing high rate of mortality.The main goal of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial resistance patterns among common gram-negative bacilli isolated from patients of Vali-Asr Hospital.Material and Methods: This is a cross-sectional descriptive study conducted between the years 2010-2012 in Vali-Asr hospital in Arak. In this study 1120 specimen were examined. Bacterial strains were isolated by conventional methods from various clinical samples of patients including: blood, urine, wound, sputum, CSF, andetc.All isolates were examined for antimicrobial resistance using disc diffusion method. Results: In this study 737 specimen were positive cultures. A total of 332 isolates of Gram-negative bacilli were identified. The most frequent gram negative bacteria were isolated from urine, wound, blood, respiratory secretion and catheter. The most frequent pathogens were E.coli followed by k.pneumonia, entrobacter, p.oaeruginosa, Acinetobacter spp, citrobacter and proteus. High rate of resistance to third generation of cephalospoins & carbapenems observed amang isolates of Acintobacter spp.Prodution of extended spectrum beralactamases (ESBLS) was found in 51.4% of all Gram negative bacteria.Conclusion: Antibiotic resistance, particularly multi-drug resistance is frequent among microorganisms of ValiAsr Hospital. Resistance in our country, like other countries have been shown to be increased, so it is highly recommended to prohibit unnecessary prescription of antibiotics.

Background: Chamomile is medicinal and hygienic plants which have anti -inflammatory and anti-spasmodic characteristics. Its secondary metabolites (and etc.) were varied by biodiversity and environmental effect. There is little information about the wild chamomile in natural habitats of the Bushehr province. In this study, different chamomile species were selected for essential oil content and active substances.Material and methods: In this field study, several samples of chamomile from different natural habitats were collected and screened for extraction of essential oil and secondary metabolites. The essential oil and methanolic extract were prepared by water distillation liquid and flask reflux condenser stirrer, respectively; these were determined by the United States and Iran pharmacopeia methods. Essential oil and methanolic extract were analyzed by GC/Mass and HPLC devices, respectively. Results: Four species, Anthemis pseudocotula, Anthemis austro-iranica, Matricaria recotita and Matricaria aurea were indicated based on screening methods. Matricaria species was observed to have essential oil and beneficiary secondary metabolites, but were not observed to be present in Anthemis species. Results of the chemical analysis showed that, Matricaria species contained Essential oil (0.6 %), Apigenin 7-Glycoside (0.62%), Chamazulen (5.5%) and other substances such as derivatives of Bisabolole , Bisaboleneand Farenzene.Conclusion: Two species of wild chamomiles, Matricaria recotita and Matricaria aurea, were found in Bushehr province containing significant amount of essential oil and secondary metabolites such as Chamazulen, - a Bisabolole and Apigenin. Thus these species can be cultivated for commercial proposes.

Background: Ethnopharmacology has been seen as a multidisciplinatary approach for novel drug discovery by providing valuable data about medicinal plants in different cultures. The aim of this ethnopharmacological study was to identify medicinal plants of the Genaveh port in the North of Persian Gulf.Material and Methods: The medical uses of medicinal plants were gathered from 30 local informants by face to face interview. The relative frequency of citation (FRC) and cultural importance (CI) indices were calculated.Results: A total of 93 medicinal plants belonging to 55 families were identified. Plantago psyllium, Teucrium polium, Peganum harmala, Descuraninia sophia, Cichorium intybus, Achillea erophora DC, Matricarria charmomilla and Citrolus colocynthis had the highest cultural importance indices. Plantago psyllium, Descuraninia sophia and Zataria multiflora had the highest FRC indices. The highest medical uses were for gastrointestinal diseases, gynocological diseases, respiratory disorders, infectious diseases, nature of cool and metabolic disorders, respectively. In addition to the use of these plants to treat diseases as in Iran’s traditional medicine, people in the Genaveh port particularly use Plantago psyllium for drainage of infective boils and abscesses, cough, skin diseases, Teucrium polium for diabetes mellitus, wound washing and sterilizing, Peganum harmala for uterus infections and abdominal cramps, Descuraninia sophia for heart diseases and heatstroke, Cichorium intybus for heatstroke and liver diseases, Achillea eriophora DC for reflex, diabetes mellitus and wound healing, Matricarria charmomilla for seizure and dysmenorrhea, Citrolus colocynthis for hemorrhoid, diabetes mellitus and rheumatism and Zataria multiflora for sedation, abdominal pain and respiratory diseases.Conclusion: There is a vast variety of medicinal plants in Genaveh port. Although most of therapeutic applications of these plants in the Genaveh port are the same as Iran’s traditional medicine, but the people of this region use some of these plants for some diseases which are unique for this area. Thus, investigation about these plants should be initiated to discover novel drugs for clinical applications.

Background: Systems medicine denotes a paradigm shift in medicine that arising from fundamental thoughts in systems biology. Systems medicine looks at health and disease using systems approaches. Systems or holistic approaches to studying the complexities of disease, emerging measurement and visualization molecular technologies to exploring of patient data space, and new computational and mathematical tools are fundamentals for this revolution in medicine.Methods: In order to explore the scientific/technological key objectives for systems medicine in “Iran’s Scientific Map in the Health Sector”, the details of goals, policies and requisites of Iran’s Health Roadmap were compared with horizontal and vertical policies of “National Institutes of Health (NIH) Roadmap for Medical Research in U.S.A”.Results: A great attention has been paid on information technology, networking, interdisciplinary approach, innovation and high- risk research in Iran’s Health Roadmap. However, areas of research such as biological pathways (including metabolomics) and networks; structural biology; molecular libraries and imaging; bioinformatics and computational biology; and human genome have not been adequately addressed.Conclusion: In order to react to waves of systems medicine, as a megatrend in health, Iran’s Scientific Map in the Health Sector should be synthesized to paradigm shift of emerging technologies in biomedicine. A framework for a broad interdisciplinary approach in biomedical research should be addressed to change medicine from reactive to proactive.

Steroid hormones of the Endocrine disrupting compounds (EDC) are steroid hormones, which cause negative effects on human health, animals and ecosystems balance, have become a major concern in modern societies. In recent years numerous studies have performed on hormone distribution in the environment, especially in aquatic environments and the ways that they have been removed. Hormones entrance into the environment primarily is through wastewater, municipal wastewater treatment sludge, hospital wastewater and livestock activity. Measured values in the wastewater treatment influent, livestock lagoons, surface water and groundwater, showed different concentrations of hormones in the range of ng/L. But it is important to know even in trace concentration of ng/L, hormones can have adverse effects on environment. By biodegradation, biosorption and biotransformation, hormones will be degraded and their activities will be decreased. Wastewater treatment processes includes preliminary, primary, secondary and advanced treatment, that are the most important ways to prevent the entrance of hormonal compounds to the environment. Sludge should be cleaned by available technology before entering the environment. Wastewater processes in both liquid and sludge phase, under various operating conditions, show different range of hormones removal. In this paper authors try to discuss about the problem and different environmental aspects of hormones.

Background: Megatrends are long-lasting global developments in society, technology, economy and political conditions that their effects are not restricted to a particular geographic area. In future studies, megatrends in social, technology, environment, politics, and values (STEEP-V) should be considered.Material and Methods: The megatrends shaping healthcare in the new millennium were selected from the future studies. Trend analysis (macro to micro approach) was used to emerge key fields of action or areas of innovation in healthcare and related technologies that might be reflected in the health policies of I.R. Iran.Results: Ten megatrends shaping healthcare in the new millennium were identified. High capacities for innovation in emerging health technologies, policies for health insurance, paradigm shift from volume to value in healthcare delivery, and infrastructure for participatory medicine were found in the health policies of I.R. Iran.Conclusions: The majority of the health policies of I.R. Iran are in line of healthcare megatrends and these policies provide a great potential for healthcare reform. However, more emphasis should be paid on mobile health (m-Health), medical tourism, community-based medicine, systems medicine, personalized medicine, transformation of big data to knowledge and geriatric health in the health policies of I.R.Iran.

Diagnose and treatment of interstitial pregnancy remains challenging because this rare entity can be life threatening due to rupture and intra abdominal hemorrhage. Early diagnosis and treatment is paramount to reduce maternal mortality and maintain fertility. In this study a 37 years woman with 6weeks of amenorrhea, who presented with spoting and lower abdominal pain was admitted. Transvaginal ultrasonography scan showed a heterogenous mass in right adenex with hypervascular ring, the uterus was empty. The initial beta hCG level was 200 MIU/ml. Serial beta hCG levels platued in the follow up period. Diagnosis was suspected for ectopic pregnancy, a laparoscopy followed revealed the presence of right corneal pregnancy that corneal resection was performed. Laparoscopy appears to be safe and an effective treatment for unruptured interstitial pregnancy.

Introduction: Presence of the ovary, fallopian tube and uterus within an inguinal canal is a rare condition in women of reproductive age.Case report: In this report we present a 31-year-old female with 5 years primary infertility who was admitted for infertility evaluation. We described a patient with unicornuate uterus without rudimentary horn and the left fallopian tube within the left inguinal canal diagnosed through laparoscopy.Conclusion: The surgeon who works on infertility may encounter such unexpected intraoperative findings, and must call attention to these findings.