Journal of Environmental Studies
Year:2007 | Volume:33 | Issue:42|Papers Count:16

Determination of suitable areas for artificial groundwater recharge is very essential and should be carried out accurately. Due to the fact that different factors are effective in making an area suitable for this purpose and that some factors change continuously and have mutual effects on each other, GIS is a useful tool for using and managing spatial data. In this research, five parameters were determined as effective ones in artificial recharge zonation and were studied and classified. The parameters are as follows: The amount of slope, infiltration, alluvium thickness, transmissivity of water through alluvium and alluvium quality. After presentation of map of each parameter, different information layers were overlaid in GIS environment. Finally by using Dss (Decision Support System), decision was made for different cases and the suitable regions in the studied area were determined and mapped. Four classes of suitability were defined as follows: Very suitable, suitable, moderately suitable and non-suitable. The results have shown that about %7 of the Varamin plain is suitable for artificial groundwater recharge.

Undoubtedly, one of the most important cases of floods occurrence and increasing floods discharge in northern part of Iran, in recent decades, is charging in land use and inconsistency between present land uses and land capacity. The economical losses due to these floods and distracting control flood hydraulic structures that were designed and were calculated based on design flood discharge are very considerable. In this research using SCS method and the model of Curve Number, and flood maximum discharge in two positions of present land use and land using based on land capacity were estimated in three types of soil moisture (low I, middle II, moist III). Comparing obtained results, the effect of land use changes on estimation uncertainty of flood design were determined. The cause of choosing this hydrological method was consideration of soil characteristics, plants covering, physiography and topography and land use in this model. Consider basic and environmental studies in Madarsoo watershed basin and providing land use and land capacity maps and estimating flood discharge in that situations led to following results: 1- Changing in land use in this watershed basin, especially in lands with D and C hydrologic soils and severe destruction caused flood maximum discharge increased 70 percent due to present land use in proportion to expected discharge due to land capacity in antecedent moisture condition (A.M.C) II and III. 2- Flood discharge in present land use in the proportion of appropriate using consistence with land capacity increase form 79 percent in 2 years return period to 31 percent in 100 years return period resulting in due to floods discharge with return period less than design flood discharge. 3- The most important effect of land use changes of flood discharge was in middle antecedent moisture condition.

Lack of scientific knowledge about quantitative and qualitative dimensions of ecosystem products and services provided by Caspian forests, in line with other factors accelerating forest degradation, has caused forest land use changes. In Iran, like many other developing countries, this has been led to the large obscurities to political and economic decisions made by public authorities, which could be relevant to current uses as well as future of such resources. So, all tentative [to optimal] allocation of existing resources would be subject to serious risks and uncertainties. Instabilities in theoretical foundations and ignoring practical concerns in selection of methodological approaches to conduct economic valuation studies can result some implications in fostering forest degradation by going to extremes of exploitation practices. Biased calculations by which, forest values are underestimated or overestimated, would motivate amortization of natural capital stocks or contribute to legitimacy if forest land use changes. However, it must be noted that realization of sustainability by combination of forest conservation and its wise use is not something out of economic scopes. Meanwhile, scientific debates on the ways of adding ecosystem to economic systems are under discussions. In this paper, the authors have tried to reflect some of the methodological facts and challenges raised from their research work done on the economic valuation of the Caspian forests in the northern coastline of the country. Within the discussions and based on the most important theoretical fundamentals and practical considerations, existing constraints and potentialities have been argued.

babolsar city have 47927 people in 2005, and this city with that population was creating 714 t/garbage in every day. From the several different ayes to repulse of urban solid wastages, method of burial was the most important way municipal of city to have recommended since 30 years ago. The results of this research display that the previous sites for burial the garbage were much better than the new one. Because in this have been ignore many of criteria and principle of choosing Place. Therefore, that is predictable that damaging affects falling out in environment. In this study, using different criteria such as distance from the city, street network and airport, Land use, land suitability, rural & community settlements, urban infrastructure, mineral, density of  population, trend and pattern of physical development, conditions of rainfall and Groundwater, wind aspect, fault lines, soils, elevation (Triangular Irregular Network or Tin), slops, geology and so on. These parameters in special models fuzzy logic are composed and selected the best place presentation in three alternatives. They are located in the northeast of Babolsar city. Finally, Site suggests is shown in the maps.

Because the increasing population and food in the world, as well as unavailability and limitation of agricultural lands, needs to increase the agricultural yield quality and quantity. One way to have high quality products is applying fertilizers. Nitrogen fertilizer is the most common one used for this purpose. Impractical and weak management in controlling the improper use of fertilizer causes high concentration of Nitrate in soil and groundwater resources. High concentration of Nitrate in water causes many health problems. This research is conducted to determine the rate of Nitrate polluted water in South-East of Isfahan. In this research, sampling was done from selected water wells and the amount of Nitrate in water was determined by using special Electrodes and Ion -Selective method. Surfer Software identified the variation process. Then, the results were compared with US-Environmental Protected Agency (US-EPA). In some areas, the results show the concentration of Nitrate more than US-EPA standards, especially in South-East of the region. The highest Nitrate concentrations in the first and second sampling in the polluted area were 189.1 and 248.3 mg per liters, respectively. In the first sampling 80.0% and in the second sampling 90.0% of wells were identified to have high concentration of Nitrate. The Nitrate pollution averages in the first and second sampling were 76.9 ppm and 93.1 ppm, respectively. Therefore, in order to apply this kind of fertilizer, proper management, scientific and practical control must be employed so that increasing concentration of Nitrate can be controlled.

Growth of population and consequently man-made products after the industrial revolution has caused solid waste to experience a distinct discrepancy in quality and quantity. Taking this fact in to consideration, the current methods and technologies wouldn't be able to solve the problems of solid waste management (SWM) in Iran. A gap of 70 years is existed between SWMS of Iran and developed countries. Thus the implementation of the so-called modem techniques in a country such as Iran must be dealt with more caution. The hierarchy of SWM in Industrial countries is as follow: 1-source reduction 2-recovery 3-incineration 4-sanitary land filling. According to this classification, Iran's provinces are categorized in to two different groups; the first group consists of coastal provinces (Gillan, Mazandaran, Golestan, Bushehr, Hormozgan and parts of Khuzestan). Similarity in climatic condition in these provinces with those of European country like Switzerland, Sweden and some part of France as well as scarcity of appropriate lands for sanitary land filling make the mentioned hierarchy applicable for these provinces. The second group includes other provinces. Abundant appropriate land sites for sanitary land filling in these provinces fade the expensive alternative of incineration. Categorizing SWM in to different functional element, in this paper the modem applicable technologies in developing country are identified. Considering the characteristics of SWM like climate, physical and chemical compositions, socio-economic factors and laws and regulations concerned with SWMS in Iran, appropriate alternatives are proposed.

In this survey, the surface ozone measurements and meteorological parameters in the vicinity of synoptic station of Geophysics Institute (Tehran University) have been analyzed for a period from Jan to Nov 2002. The hourly averaged pattern of surface ozone shows that the ozone concentration is high in the afternoon as expected as a result of photochemical processes in urban environment and it also varies by local advection due to the local orography. Comparison between wind intensity and the surface ozone shows that, during the day, the advection of polluted air by anabatic wind which blows towards the station increases its intensity. Also a smaller secondary peak in the summer afternoons is due to change in wind regime, from anabatic to Katabatic. This is particularly in summer months especially for June. The main peak in daily ozone concentration also becomes weaker in other seasons due to slowing down of the photochemical processes. The monthly averaged ozone shows that, the main ozone peak has occurred in March (typically 64.4 ppbv) and the second peak in August (typically 49.5 ppbv). The comparison of the monthly averaged of total ozone (measured by Dobson photo-spectrometer) with the surface ozone shows that the main cause of the large peak in March, is due to the increasing of the total ozone and the transport of ozone from stratosphere to troposphere while the main cause of second peak in August is photochemical processes.

There was a lot of tendency for planting ever-green species to establish forest park in Tehran, in the 40th decade. So that there is no enough research sources to know how it is successful or not. Because of reducing air pollution and creating landscape, the results of this study will be important, and it provided some technical points by studying a recommender site that is Ghoochak Forest Park(Tehran north-east).To carry out this study, two direction of slopes was calculated manually(Western and Eastern slopes). Quantitative parameters including trunk condition, stand healthy and hummus depth; qualitative parameters like diameter and height of trees, number and volume per hectare were measured. Physicochemical characteristics of soil in research area (three samples) including acidity, texture, azotes, potassium, and absorbed phosphor were analyzed. The results showed that quantitative parameters and physicochemical characteristics of soil were not significant on two slopes. Acidity was increased to compare with example sample (Ph= 7.8 to 8). Desirable trees were more than 90 percent. Average of number per hectare in sample segment was 698 in east domain and 601 in west domain. As a comparative view between diameter and height in the two domains, there was more relation between them in west domain. From average number of items in hectare and average number of items in sample segment view, average number of items in hectare and average number of items in sample segment in east domain was more than west domain. West domain had more total growth (53.23 m3/ha) in comparison with east domain (45.33 m3/ha). Adaptation of Eldar pine was better in west domain because of more humidity capacity in soil of it. Finally it was concluded that, based on all studies up to now and these results, it can be said that elder pine had been adaptation with arid and semi aria zones, weak soil in north- eastern part of Tehran. Therefore elder pine can be planted successfully on same sites as creating Urban Forest Park. Because of elder pine juicy missing in older time, there is a suggestion to mix it with adoptable deciduous species.

The southern coast of the Caspian sea is an increasingly urgent problem, because of pesticide application and different type of cancers are increasing. The response of the citrus red mite, Panonychus citri to different doses of mineral oil and determination of LC50 and LC90 using bio-assay technique was tested. The treatment applied in two different techniques including: slide dip method and using backpack sprayer. Laboratory evaluation indicated that in very low concentration of narrow-range mineral spray oil the mortality was very high, using slide dip method. The LC50 and LC90 were calculated 0.44 and 0.85%, respectively, using backpack sprayer. The dilute application of 0.85% mineral oil compared with conventional control and just control in the citrus orchard. There were no significant differences between two treatments of mineral oil and conventional control. Therefore, according to the two years results the concentration of 0.85% mineral oil in water should control the citrus red mite. Results are discussed in terms of a sustainable, integrated pest management system.

This study concludes of researches during May-September, 2003. There is one breeder group of Whiskered Tern (Chlidonias hybridus) (930 pairs) in zarrinkola Ab-bandan and two breeder group (1390 pairs) were in marzoonabad Ab-bandan. Reproductive phonology was started with nesting behavior in the end of May and was continued to maximum chicks fledged time in the end of July. Clutch size was 1-4 eggs in zarrinkola and second breeder group of marzoonabad, whereas, it was 1-5 eggs in the first breeder group of marzoonabad. Brood size was included 1-3 chicks. Breeding success was %57.08, %82.96 and %75.87 in zarrinkola, first and second breeder group of marzoonabad, respectively. There is not any significant difference between clutch size and brood size with breeding success (p>0.05). But, there is significant difference (p<0.05) between the rate of losses among the reproductive phonology stages. Because of intense rainfall, the maximum losses were during the incubation time. Breeding success has not any significant difference between study areas (p>0.05).

Woody species diversity in Kelardasht region, North of Iran was studied in a mixed Picea abies and pinus nigra plantation and a mixed broad-leaved coppice stand. For this purpose by using systematic- random sampling method with circular plots of 100m2 in 20x50 grid lines were inventoried. Species and number of woody plants (tree and shrub) were recorded in plots. Plant diversity, richness and evenness were determined using the Simpson, Menhinic and Peat Indices respectively. The result shows that the most frequent native trees were found in broad-leaved coppice stand. Broad-leaved coppice stand had higher diversity than coniferous stand but lower richness and evenness.

Mountain as a ring in the chain of living nature, regardless of its toughness and resistibility, is by itself one of the most delicate and fragile ecosystems on the earth. In recent years, impacts of urban sprawl, road construction, and uncontrolled exploitation of resources as well as recreational uses have caused a number of problems in mountains such as climate change, soil erosion, flooding, destruction of native vegetation cover and their replacement by alien plants. Therefore, present research is aimed to achieve design principals and criteria in mountainous environments (particularly in mountain parks), their preservation, restoration of their sustainability and natural landscaping through an ecological approach and based on certain identification and analysis phases. Since using native vegetation is the most significant principle in the mentioned approach, field surveying and studies on the native vegetations of southern foothills of the Alborz mountains ecosystems (in macro scale) and those of Jamshideh Valley ecosystem (in micro scale) have been carried out based on the following criteria: aesthetics, durability and sustainability in the environmental condition, resistance against dryness, pests and vermin and capability of easy maintenance. The outcomes of this study provide sustainable design solutions for mountain foothills and development of mountain parks that both are required by cities; and in the meanwhile, prevent destruction of vegetation cover ensuring sustainability of natural habitat and vegetations of the valley. Finally, design for the extension of the Jamshideh Mountain Park is presented by using native vegetations of the valley and observing principles and patterns of natural landscaping, with an emphasis on shades (forest) and sunshine (meadow) features. As the result, a natural landscape sustainable and compatible with the environment is developed that could provide a repeatable pattern for designing mountain parks in other valleys of the southern Alborz range. These sorts of parks not only have low maintenance cost, but also act as proper settings for preserving native vegetation due to their compatibility with mountainous areas.