Medicine and Spiritual Cultivation
Year:2004 | Volume:- | Issue:54|Papers Count:11

The establishment of health and treatment networks has been a great and outstanding achievement that has received unanimous approval and appreciation.These networks have highly improved social health, especially in the care of mothers and children. However, for various reasons, urban health centers could not meet their goals, and the number of clients in urban centers is decreasing day by day. In this study we used our previous experiences to find and offer executive plans to improve health services networks and give a clear response to social changes in this regard. The primary results, obtained by using executive team formation, history evaluation, definition and amendment of service processes, manpower adjustment, intervention planning and organizing a system of evaluation and surveillance, suggest the following changes:Belief formation is an urgent need for the activation of health and treatment centers in cities, as is the utilization of former experiences in other provinces, evaluation of social needs, formation of proper contacts with clients, manpower reinforcement, public cooperation, elimination of non- communicable diseases, the closing of ineffective centers while fortifying others, and changing physicians' attitudes towards community- based medicine. The establishment and development of organizations largely depends on their cost effectiveness and their success in satisfying their clients. Regarding the fact that health services do not enjoy their true share of GPD, a serious need for improving and activating present resources seems highly essential.We advise that the formation and development of beliefs and motivations along with the determination of the real needs of our society, both permanent and variable, are definitely required.

The aim of this study was to determine the degree of happiness and its effective factors in students of the Isfahan University of Medical Sciences.The population of this study consisted of all 6080 students in the Isfahan University of Medical Sciences for the academic year 2002-2003 From this population, 161 students were selected using stratified random sampling. The method of the research was descriptive and the instruments were the Oxford and Fordyce Happiness Inventories. The results indicated that the mean of happiness scores in the Oxford Inventory was 45.83 and in the Fordyce Inventory, the mean was 310.49 The results also showed that among cognitive-behavioral factors the "expression of feelings" played the greatest rate in determining the happiness of the of students.

The fundamental query is to find reasons for, and the effect of, the trend toward non-academic activities among the students.It was necessary to perform a pilot study to determine the various aspects of this subject in order to get a more sophisticated view before the main study.This article is a report of the findings of this pilot study concerning the non-academic activities of 1150 students.Both genders of students -- male and female -- were surveyed regarding the trend toward more involvement in various non - academic activities. The survey gathered information on different effective factors such as family status (the level of parental education and whether the family was from a rural or urban area), and other factors such as marital status, adversities, etc.For instance, students who grew up in an urban area and/Or those whose father had a university degree, tend to participate more in the arts. The study also showed that there is little tendency for students to participate in socio – political activities, and if they do, they usually are not members of known political wings.This report, although it can not answer all questions, opens a window into the non-academic activities of students and delineates some aspects of the subject.The study focuses on and magnifies the necessity to deliberate more in order to find all responses to all questions in this regard.

Burnout, as a major problem encountered by professionals, (in particular, those professionals employed in human services) has attracted a great deal of attention over the last decade. The topic is of particular concern to the field of social work, because, in general, social workers are regarded as being at high risk for burnout. Social workers often enter the profession with an idealized sense of mission or a calling to help others while working within frequently demanding bureaucratic constraints. The risk for burnout may be particularly high during the initial years of practice as social workers confront the realities of their jobs, their clients, and their own competence as professional social workers.The term burnout is closely related to and has not been adequately differentiated from the following terms: alienated, indifferent, apathetic, cynical, discouraged, mentally or physically exhausted, and overwhelmed by stress. Burnout, is not yet a clearly defined concept, nor has a clearly articulated theoretical model been developed. This article reviews the definitions of burnout, specifies variables contributing to it, and examines strategies for prevention and intervention by both individuals and agencies. By knowing the personal, organizational, and societal variables that contribute to burnout, social workers will be better prepared to prevent and alleviate it.

Critical thinking outcomes are highly valued in higher education. Today, international concerns are focused either on people's thinking abilities or on their abilities to work, to compete and to live in economically complex communities.Educational reformist have questioned the focus on educational content as opposed to the use of critical thinking oriented education as a way of confronting with un-ended progressive development of scientific information.Great development in technology, change in care needs and change in philosophy of teaching and learning as well as cultural and organizational changes philighte the importance of focus on critical thinking in medical education.At present, medical education has also accepted the critical thinking as an acceptable educational outcome. Some scholars have addressed this goal and considered it as fundamental elements of medical education.This paper tries to explore the dimensions of critical thinking and then answers some questions about it, and illustrate it's relation to both medical education and practice.

This paper is the result of an epidemiologic study of hearing loss based on 1/3 of a sample size of 59, 678 of people aged 5 years and older. Subjects were chosen by random systematic and cluster sampling (each cluster made up of 15 households).The data belongs to the "General Assessment of the Welfare Needs of the Society," undertaken by the University of Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences.Prevalence of bilateral hearing loss based on Pure-Tone Average (PTA) above 40 dB HL, was 2.6 percent in the country, which was more than 2/1 percent of the world prevalence for all ages, as announced by WHO. Prevalence of this hearing loss was 2.5 percent in men and 2.0 percent in women. Prevalence in rural areas was 2.8 percent and in urban areas 2.2 percent. Prevalence of bilateral profound hearing loss (more than 90 dB HL) was 2.3 per thousand. Fitting multivariate logistic regression to the data showed that hearing loss increased with age. Gender and living environment had significant effect, with more bilateral profound hearing loss in men than in women, and more in those from rural areas (p<0/04). In most of the cases, the cause of hearing loss was congenital and the diseases were on the next step. Aging had increasing effect on hearing loss.

Studies performed throughout the world indicate that the high test rate of population growth occurs in the most impoverished countries.Ninety percent of world population growth occurs in developing countries. Because occupational, economic, and natural resources are limited, these countries are unable to provide the increased demands for housing, education, and occupation and health and remedial services for their societies.In these countries there is a high mortality rate, particularly among mothers, infants, and children. Due to this shorter life expectancy, people are more likely to have abortions, because of unsafe health conditions or unsanitary environment. Based on research conducted by the Health General Department of Ministry of Health and Medical Education in 1999, 22.6% of all pregnancies are unwanted. Taking into consideration the current adolescent population and the resulting potential for an increase in the percentage of the population in the age of fertility, it beomes increasingly difficult to control the number of unwanted pregnancies. This research is an interfering method of study. In this study, the Health Belief Model format has been used in order to teach the female clientele of public health centers in Southern Tehran how to prevent unwanted pregnancies. The philosophy of the Health Belief Model is based on the principle that the types of training result in changed learner behavior includes the following four elements: First, the client should be made aware of the economic, social, cultural, and familial advantages to controlling unwanted pregnancies. Second, the instructors must be able to recognize factors that may hinder learning, such as personal attitudes and those of family members, and economic and cultural pressures - factors that influence decisions regarding health behaviors and then to plan accordingly. Third, in order to change health behaviors, educational programs must make the learner sensitive to cause and effect regarding socioeconomic, cultural, family behaviors, and so forth.The studied sample was composed of 1600 married women, chosen from a population of 42,195 total women, who are covered by 15 different healths and remedy centers in Southern Tehran. The instrument used to collect the findings was a 2-part questionnaire totaling 67 questions. Questions in Part One were designed to obtain personal information, and in the second part, the women responded to questions concerning their knowledge and concepts of their own health behaviors.In order to reach the goals of the research, the data collected has been statistically assessed. On the basis of this data, an educational program based on the Health Belief Model has been designed. The subjects of the study were divided into two groups: a probationary group and a control group .the people in the probationary group were provided education and instruction for a period of six months. The control group was given no training. The final results indicate that the total rate of all pregnancies in the probationary group was 30% less than that of the control group. The rate of unwanted pregnancy in the probationary group of women was 11.5% lower than the control group, indicating the effectiveness of the Health Belief Model.