Journal of Veterinary Research
Year:2001 | Volume:56 | Issue:2|Papers Count:32

Congenital cardiac defects in calves are uncommon, Although constitute a significant proportion of all bovine congenital defects.Two female Holstein calves 5 and 10 days olds were referred to the large Animal clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Tehran University at a period of 14 month. In clinical examination and Tachypnee were diagnosed in both cases, however one cases had developed pneumonia. Electrocardio- graphy and Echocardiography were taken. Both cases were subjected to postmortem examination. The calves showed ectopia cordis cervicalis. There were different variations in the large vessels of the heart. One of them showed Patent Ductus Arteriosus and Patent Foramen ovale. All the observed defects on the septum and valves of the heart were documented.

The effects of chitin and chitosan on wound healing rate and collagen deposition were evaluated in surgically created full-thickness cutaneous wounds of the lower limbs of horses. Full-thickness skin wounds 2.5x2.5cm (6.25cm2) were created on the dorsolateral aspect of both metacarpi and metatarsi in 8 horses. Allwounds were bandaged with a non-adherent dressing, which was held in place with an elastic wrap. The horses were randomly divided into two equal groups (chitin and chitosan groups). In each horse, treated wounds sprayed with 1% chitin (in chitin group) or chitosan (in chitosan group) suspension in normal saline and control wounds (in both groups) sprayed with normal saline. Forelimbs and hind limbs were cross-paired, the right forelimb and left hind limb ahnost always received the same spray application (treatment or control), as did the left forelimb and right hind limb. Every other day, wound bandages were changed and wounds were photographed. All photographs were scanned and wound areas (total wound surface, granulation tissue and re epithelialized areas) were calculated, using a digital software program. Specimens of normal skin and biopsy specimens of healed wounds were assayed for hydroxyproline content. Wound area measurements and the differences between hydroxyproline content of tissue samples of normal skins and healed wounds were analyzed, using Student t test. The results indicated no significant differences in the total wound, reepithelialized, or contraction areas between either ehitin or chitosan and control wounds, but the hydroxyproline content were assessed significantly in both chitin and chitosan groups.

The Persian granular caviar traditionally is made in two forms of additives (1) with salt but without any preservative and (2) with salt and preservative (Boric acid and Borax). This preservative has a very weak antimicrobial activity and beside its use is illegal in most western countries. Therefore because of an urgent need for a new formulation of additive in this product, 16 formulations of additives were used and evaluated in this study. These formulations, contained 3 concentrations of salt (4.5, 5 and 5.5%) and 4 combinations of preservatives including (1) a mixture of 0.3% Boric acid with 0.4% of Borax, (2) a mixture of 0.26% K- sorbate with 80 ppm of Na-nitrite, (3) 0.1% of methyl paraben and (4) 0.2% of methyl paraben. All of these formula were made in Brain Heart Infusion (BHI) broth and inoculated with 2 bacteria (e. botulinum type E spores and E. coli type O111 ells) using> 105 spores or cells per ml of broth and stared for up to 7d at 30°C. Clostridium botulinum was examined for both growth and toxicity testing using bioassay technic. The results indicated that the lowest antimicrobial activity belonged to the combination of Boric acid and Borax plus salt concentration of 4.5 to 5.5% with only bacteriostatic activity.The highest antimicrobial activity belonged to the combination of 0.1 to 0.2% met Growth and toxigenesis study of C. botulinum and E. coli affected by various formulations of salt and Preservatives expected for processing of caviar hylparaben plus salt concentration of 4.5 to 5.5% with a strong bacteriocidic activity. Increasing of salt from 4.5 to 5.5 concentrations slightly increased the antimicrobial activity of the additive combination. Therefore methyl paraben which is a GRAS (Generally Recognized As Safe) preservative, and has a strong antimicrobial activity at high pH values, was selected for use in caviar.

This experiment was designed to study the metabolical parameters in broiler chickens that were naturally suffered from lesions of ascites fifty, 5-weeks-okl broiler chickens with heart failures and ascites and fifty healthy age-matched control birds from a local farm were used for this study. Birds were weighed- Blood sample of 20 birds per group, was taken for determination of haematocrit value, differential white blood cells count and thyroid hormone concentrations- Finally the birds were slaughtered and examined for lesions of heart failure and ascites- The haematocrit values, the ratios of heterophil, lymphocyte, right ventricle, body weight of chickens and right ventricle, total ventricle were significantly higher in birds were suffering from the lesions of ascites compared to control birds- The concentrations of plasma T4 and the ratios of T3: T4 of ascitic birds were markedly higher than healthy age-matched control birds. The above changes indicate a metabolical disorder of broiler chickens that were suffering from ascites- Such metabolical phenomenon coukl be used as indicators for production of broilers that coukl resist to ascites syndrome.

In a fish culture farm in Mashhad city district (North east of Iran) cultured fishes (common carp, grass carp, silver carp, big head carp) showed light grey nodules on the caudal fin, peduncle, head and body surface in early spring. In histopathology examination of the affected skin, hyperplasia of the squamous epithelial cells, granulation tissue, infiltration of inflanunatory cells, hyperemia, eosinophilic intracellular inclusion bodies and vacuole (ballooning) degeneration of the epithelial tissue were observed. Protozoan and metazoan parasites and also bacterial were not seen in laboratory examinations. Carp pox was diagnnosed on the basis of groos and microscopic examinations, season and fish species.

Predisposing factors (bacteremia, endothelial damage, ...) are important for development of endocarditis in cattle. A dairy cow was referred to Teaching hospital of veterinary faculty. Clinical examination revealed cardiac murmur on auscultation and a chronic abscess on thorax. There was a constant neutrophilia and progressive anemia in cell blood count (CBC). Endocarditic was diagnosed clinically. Because of poor prognosis the cow was slaughtered and vegetative valvular endocanditis accompany by one hydatid cysts on right atrium were found. Actinomyces pyogenes was isolated from lesions. This is the first report of concurrent hydatid cysts and endocarditic in dairy cattle.

To evaluate the effects of intoxication with trichlorofen on hematological parameters, an experiment was conducted with 60 silver carp. AB the fishes were divided to 3 different groups: Control group (12), intoxicated group with 0.25ppm of trichlorofen (24) and intoxicated group with 1ppm of trichlorofen (24). Blood samples were collected before the administration of trichlorofen for obtaining control values. Following the administration of trichlorofen, blood samples were collected 5 times at 0, 12, 24, 36 and 48 hours post administration. Following the intoxication with 0.25ppm of trichlorofen, there was no significant difference in any of the hematological parameters. After the intoxication with 1ppm of trichlorofen, the percentage of heterophils and degenerated leukocytes significantly increased (p<0.05). However, erythrocyte counts, hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit, leukocyte counts and the percentage of lymphocytes and monocytes significantly decreased (P<0.05). Following the intoxication with 0.25ppm and 1ppm of trichlorofen, in different times of post intoxication, there was no significant difference in any of the hematological parameters, except in the percentage of degenerated leukocytes. No significant interaction was observed between dose and different time of post intoxication with trichlorofen. This study showed that intoxication with trichlorofen can have profound effects on hematological parameters of silver carp.

Babesia ovis isolated from field animals were used to infect the spleenectomised and susceptible lambs. Blood samples were collected from lambs during the rise parasitemia. Seven lambs were inoculated intravenosly with 5x107 infected erythrocytes. Clinical and parasitological observations were studied until 21 days after infection. The first sign of disease was rise of temperature which observed on third & fifth days post inoculation. This was followed by restlessness, marked in appetite and the temperature rised up to 42°C until third and forth days, rapid heart beat, increase respiratory rate, anemia and icterus were present. Affected animals became thin and emaciated the haemoglobinuria had not been observed and finally infected animals getting well little by little. Spleenectomised animals showed severe haemoglobinuria and death occurred on fifth and eighth days after inoculation.

Ninety days feeding trial was conducted with rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) rearing in brackish water to evaluate nutritive value of poultry by-product meal (PBm) as a dietary replacement for fish meal. Poultry by-product meal which is waste material of poultry industry was incorporated at level ranging from 0% to 50% fish meal in 3 experimental diets formulated to contain 33.56% to 35.93% crude protein, 13.61% to 14.35% lipid and equal level of energy (3600 Kcal/kg). The experimental diets were fed 3 times accordingly to 2% body weight per day and fish biomass was determined at fortnightly intervals. It was concluded that the poultry by-product meal could successfully replace fishmeal at level of up to 50% fishmeal without any adverse effect on growth performance and feed utilization efficiency.

In this study, we have extracted two kinds of tissue antigens from calf liver. We have prepared the goat and rabbit hyperimmune sera by injecting these antigens for a long time: goat; 57 injections on 428 days, rabbit; 30 injections on 240 days. We have studied humeral response by application of immunodiffusion (ID) method and finally the specificity of the method was constructed by production of specific antibodies. By this method 1454 bovine, 207 sheep and 366 human sera have been studied. The results indicated that: 0.1 percent of apparently healthy Holstein cattles and 2.11 % of ordinary sick cattle's had the hepatic specific antibodies. This, state in the sheep was 14%. In human being 19% of patients with hepatic disorders and 6% of the other patients (that had not hepatic affections) show the antihepatic antibodies.

The histopathology of Capillaries hepatica was studied in Meshkin-Shahr district, Ardabile province, northwest Iran. One hundred seventy three Meriones persicus were trapped between end of July till October 1996, ten out of 173 (5.8%) Meriones persicus had been infected with C. hepatica. One of the highly infected rodents revealed the worm and masses of eggs in the liver and many pseudotubercle in the lung as well. The histopathology of lung characterized by glaucomatous lesion around the C. hepatica eggs within the interstitial tissue of the lung, hyperplasia of epithelial cells lining alveoli and terminal branchioles and inflammatory cells around the c. hepatica eggs. The predominant cells were macrophages and plasma cells.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the analgesic, sedative and muscle relaxation effects, as well as other side effects of medetomidirie when used as caudal epidural agent in the horse. Ten healthy adult mixed breed horses (8 mare, 2 stallion) weighing 310±28 kg (mean±SD) and 6-13 years of age were selected for this experiment. Medetomidine 15mg/kg diluted with normal saline and adjusted to 8 ml was injected in the first intercoccygeal epidural space. The onset and duration of sedation and analgesia recorded after injection. HR, RR, rectal temperature and an ECG were also recorded before and 10, 20, 30, and 60 minutes after injection. Assessment of analgesia was performed by pin pricking in the tail and perineal region. Data were analyzed using paired student t test and P<0.05 was considered significant. Medetomidine did not show good caudal or perineal analgesia in this study and although no surgery performed but it seemed the analgesia was not quite sufficient for surgery. Systemic sedative effects of medetomidine ccurred after 7 to 10 minutes by drooping of the lower lip and decreasing head height. Mild ataxia .was also observed in some animals by leaning hind limbs to the stock. Urination and relaxation of the penis was occurred in 2 horses. HR decreased significantly (P<0.05) from 42±10.1 bpm (base value) to 36±9, 25±1.91, 25.5±0.4S and 24.75±0.37 at 10, 20, 30 and 60 minutes respectively. A second degree AV block was observed in one horse. No significant changes were observed in RR and rectal temperature. The results of this study showed that the cardio respiratory effects of caudal epidurally injected medetomidine (15mg/kg) in the horse are minimal and in safe margins, but this injection alone could not provide surgical analgesia in perineal region.

Angiographic changes of tibial bone after using bone cement and autogenous bone graft in 15 clinically healthy adult dogs having 2 to 4 years of age and weighing 20 to 30 kg/BW were evaluated. These animals were subsequently divided into 3 groups of 5 animals each. In group I (control) after removal of piece of 3cm from mid shaft of right tibial bone, it was fixed by using suitable intramedullary pin, whereas the, gap was filled-up with rib bone in group II animals and the limb was immobilized by external cooptation. In group III, the gap was packed with bone cement for 30 days then it was replaced by autogenous iliac cancellous bone and the bone was fixed with bone plate angiography was done on 0, 15, 30, 45 and 60 days by injecting 20cc of angiograffin into femoral artery. The changes of popliteal artery were noted. There was a significant changes (P<0.05) in popliteal artery in different time intervals of zero and 30 days between group I and II animals. There was a significant increased in revascularization, arteriols tufts, and extra-osseous blood vessels network in all the three groups on zero till 45 post-operative days. The extraosseous blood vessels network at fractured gap was much more in group I as compared to group II and III animals.

Beta-aminopropionitril fumarat (BAPN-f) is evaluated as a scar remodeling drug, and can inhibit HP cross-linking between collagen bundles by enzyme block There is no report on affecting BAPN-f on molecular composition of flexor tendon in horses, but a few clinical trail was report the good effects of BAPN-f on acute and sub acute tendonitis in horses- In this study the effect of BAPN-f (0.9 mg/ml) on molecular composition of experimental injured flexor tendon in horses was compared with physiologic normal salin (0.9% NaCl). Eight aparently healthy horses (Age mean 7 years and weight mean 320kg) were used. Under general anaesthesia Zig-Zag splitting was performed on DDF-T on one forelimb of all horses, the horses divided into two groups and received BAPN-f 0.9mg/ml and NaCl 0.9% respectively, by injection into the site of injury every other days for five successive days. Sixthy days after last injection horses were euthanatized and samples were taken for biochemistry evaluations. In biochemistry evaluation there was no statistical differences between DNA content in two groups (P<0.05). PSGAGs and collagen content were significantly increased in BAPN-f group (P<0.05). HP cross linking in BAPN-f group was significantly decress to compare Nacl group (P<0.05). Therefore, intralesional injection of BAPN-f 0.9 mg/ml can improved healing significantly in this model of tendonitis by inhibit HP cross linking in early stage of healing.

IBR is one of the most important contagious viral diseases in cow. The main purpose of this study was to develop an indirect immunoflourescent kit for detecting anti BHV-1 antibodies in bovine serum. Rabbit antibovine immunoglobulin was obtained by immunizing 10 apparent healthy rabbit with bovine globulins. Antibovine globulins were precipitated by using 45% ammonium sulphate and conjugated with FITC. For purification of conjugated sera we passed the sera through cephadex column and dyalized against PBS. We used purified and concentrated IBR vinis as antigen. The most proper concentration of antigen for this purpose was 105-105.5 TCID50 of IBR virus propagated in R.BK cell line and purified and concentrated by ultra centrifuge at 80000g for 2 hours. To standardize such IFA kit, we examined a 1000 serum samples that were previously tested by SN. In comparison, we found the results by IFA and SN tests as follow: In SN test, out of 1000 tested samples 624 were positive (42.4%) but in IFA 632 were positive (43.2%). A number of 420 samples were positive in both tests. Four samples positive in SN and negative in IFA; 12 samples negative in SN and positive in IFA and 568 samples were negative in both tests. The correlation coefficient of the results obtained by two tests for detecting IBR infection was high about 98.4%. Because of simplicity, rapidity and lack of infectivity of this IFA test, we recommerid this kit for detecting IBR antibodies in cow.

In this study three digestible energy levels at constant protein level of 35% were utilized. Diets were made in semipurified that in all of them fish meal, casein and gelatin as the sources of protein and dextrin, starch and oil as the sources of energy were used. Each of experimental diets was fed to triplicate groups of 20 fish with an average individual weight of 81.5g in 3 2000/L, flow through fiberglass tanks that each of tanks divided exactly into three parts by polyethilen plastic net. During this experiment water temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH and EC were 15±2°C, 6-8.5 mg/l, 7.5-8.8 and 25400mm Cm respectively. The diets were fed at a rate between 1.6-2% wet body weight per day, depended to water temperature, in three equal rations and adjusted two weekly for 84 days. Weight gain (WG%), average daily growth percent (ADG%), protein efficiency ratio (PER), apparent net protein utilization percent (ANPU%) or protein deposited percent (PD%), specific growth rate (SGR) were found to increase and food conversion rate (FCR) was found to decrease with an increasing energy levels from 370 to 430 Kcal/100g. The best growth performance was attained by fish fed a 35% protein and 430 Kcal/100g digestible energy (crude lipid 19.8%). Fat and moisture of carcass were affected by energy levels of test diets, while protein and ash of carcass were relatively constant in different treatments.

In order to evaluate of skin reactions to C. albicans antigens, a study was carried out during 12 months period. A total of 180 patients (95 cases of Atopic dermatitis and 85 Asthmatic patients), from outpatient Clinics of Dermatology, Imam khomeni Hospital and Tehran Allergy Clinic were selected. From these patients 62 (34.4%) were male and 118 (65.6%) were female. After preparation of the antigens, the skin prick test was performed for all the patients. The positive results were obtained in 53.3% of patients and 4.3% of healthy controls. In this study, the same .positive results in atopic dermatitis and asthmatic patients were 52.6% and 54.1%, respectively. The most common positive responses age group, were 20-29 and >50 years old.

In order to study of the effects of methenamin on hematological and biochemical parameters of broiler chickens, 58 day-old broiler chickens of Arian breed randomly divided to six unequal groups as follows: Group I: no use of methenamin (n=10), group II: daily use of 1/1000 methenamin in drinking water for one week at the end of rearing period (n=8), group III daily use of 2/1000 methenamin in drinking water for one week at the end of rearing period (n=8), group IV: daily use of 1/1000 methenamin drinking water continiously for 8 weeks (n=10), group V: daily use of 2/1000 methenamin in drinking water continuously for 8 weeks (n= 12), group VI: daily use of 4/1000 methenamin in drinking water continuously for 8 weeks (n= 10). The results revealed that after the administration of different dosages of methenamin, the number of white blood cells and the percentage and absolute number of heterophils significantly decreased (P<0.05). However, the percentage and absolute number of lymphocytes increased significantly (P<0.05). Following the administration of different dosages of methenamin, there was no significant difference in any of the biochemical parameters. This study showed that the administration of methenamin can have not profound effects on hematological and serum biochemical parameters of broiler chickens.

Salmonella infections in human and animals is one of the most important diseases around the world. In the genus of Salmonella, Salmonella enterica subsp enterica serovar Typhimurium has special situation, because of its broad host range and wide geographical distribution. In present study all attempt was done to develop a potent effective vaccine against Salmonellas is 50 the immunogenicity effects of heated (70C, 30 min) and formalized (0.1%) vaccine of s. typhimurium were evaluated in rabbits. Two groups of rabbits (groups F&H) were vaccinated with inactivated vaccines several times via s.c and im. In the different period steps between of vaccination times, the immune response was assayed by agglutination (Widal test) test. The results indicated that the inactivated vaccines induced a highly level of antibodies and also protective.

Maedi is chronic progressive pneumonia of sheep. The specific lesions occur in the lungs and tracheobronchial nodes. In this study a total of 1845 Pairs of old ewe lungs were examined in Ahvaz slaughterhouse. In this study 18 percent (10/55) from interstitial pneumonia and 7.5 percent (10/138) from total observed lesions or 0.54 percent (10/1845) from total inspected lungs had maedi like lesions. In addition in. this study 200 serum samples sheep flocks and 200 serum samples from Ahvaz slaughterhouse were collected and tested for the presence of antibodies by AGIDT. In this test all of the control serum was positive but none of the serum samples showed positive reaction.

Poisoning with poisonous plants, because of its high rate of mortality, has its own significance in veterinary medicine.Oleander (Nerium oleander) is one of the highly toxic plants, originally is a Mediterranean and Asian plant, and now is widely distributed in the world, it grows rapidly and consequently needs frequent pruning. Because of Iran's optimum environmental condition, oleander has a wide distribution and it is grown as a shrub or a medium-size tree in most parts of Iran. All parts of oleander are toxic to animals and human beings, although it is said that the seeds are more toxic than the other parts. The green leaves and young branches cut off after trimming are the most frequent causes of poisoning. Dry leaves, whether mixed with forage or left under the tree, can also be the cause of poisoning.Although animals are not fully attracted to this plant, they consume dry leaves especially when no other food is available. The most common manifestation of oleander poisoning is cardiac rhythm disturbances, arrhythmias or dysrhythmias. Cardiac glycosides, like poison of oleander, are responsible for these signs and acts pharmacodynamically similar to digitalis. Possible mechanisms for arrhythmogenic effects of digitalis include delayed after rpotentials, enhanced diastolic depolarization and reentry that appear to be due to intracellular calcium overload which is due to inhibition of the sarcolemmal Na+-K+ stimulated Atpase by glycosides that produce alteration in the electrical properties of both the contractile cells and the specialized automatic cells. The glycosides also prolong the functional refractory period of the atrioventricular node directly as well as through enhanced vagal effect. This study of oleander poisoning in animals has ascertained that oleander has a selective pharmacodynamic effect on the : 1) Autonomic and central nervous system, 2) On the myocardium and 3) On the gastrointestinal tract; and almost all of known arrhythmias were observed in the animals. In this study the correlation between cardiac dysrhythmias and the concentration of oleander toxina with its mode of action were evaluated. Six calves of both sexes, aged between 5 to 9 months were selected. Powderd dry leaves in single Lethal dose were administered orally. The vital signs of the animals at the time experiments were examined carefully and electrocardiograms of animals were monitored. Blood samples and electrocardiograms were taken simultaneously. The serum of blood samples was then submitted to the laboratory for extraction of oleander toxins. Studying on toxins and assaying them were made by UV spectrometer model PU 8750-Philips. This study showed that absorption of oleander toxins in early hours of our experiment produces bradyarrhythmia that is probably due to its direct effects on the heart and vagal effects of cardiac glycosides. With the progress of poisoning more absorption of toxins occurred, and concentration of the new chemical complexes in the blood become adequate to produce tachyarrhythmias. Almost in all cases that ventricular tachycardia occurred, ventricular fibrillation was consequently formed which caused by death in few minutes. The spectrome of alterations of oleander toxins, absorption in UV range (200-350nm) showed that absorption of toxins alone cannot cause lethal arrhythmias, and the production of new chemical complexes in 240-260nm is needed for the occurrence of death.

Regression correlation analysis of relationships between blood constituents at various ages and growth rate of calves from birth to 15 months was conducted on 108 calves in Friesian, Jersey and Shorthorn herds. Various blood samples were taken from each calf at 2 weeks, 2 and 3 months of age and analysed for glucose, potassium, sodium, inorganic phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, total protein, erythrocyte sodium, potassium and magnesium concentrations as well as hematocrit, haemoglobin, total leucocyte count and differential count. Calves were also weighed at birth, 3 and 15 months of age. There were significant correlations between some blood constituents at two weeks and two months of age and growth rates at three and from three to 15 months of age but the coefifcients of determination (R2) were less than 0.21. Total leucocyte count, glucose, calcium and absolute monocyte count at three months of age were the best variables for predicting growth rates from three to 15 months of age (R2=0.32). It is concluded that some blood parameters at three months of age could be useful for predicting growth rates from three to 15 months of age.

In this study the effects of intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of histamine, its H1 and H2 antagonists were examined on food/water intake ratio in the rabbit. The ICV injections of artificial cerebrospinal fluid (a CSF: control), histamine, chlorpheniramine (H1 antagonist) and cimetidine (H2 antagonist) were Gone through a cannula which were surgically implanted into the lateral ventricle of the brain. The results showed that the histamine at dose rate of 50mg decreased the first food/water intake ratio, where as histamine (100 mg) decreased the first and 3h post-injection of above mentioned ratio. The ICV injection of chlorpheniramine alone increased the first and 3h food/water intake ratio, and pretreatment by chlorpheniramine inhibited the effects of histamine. ICV injection of cimetidine alone and or its pretreatment had no effect. Histamine, chlorpheniramine and cimetidine had no effect on 24h post-injection food/water intake ratio. No significant changes were observed among control groups. It is concluded that the brain histaminergic system can affect the short-term regulation of food, water and food-related water intake. The inhibitory effect of histamine on food intake is mediated through its central H1 receptor and on water intake anti food-related drinking both central H1 and H2 receptors don't play any role.

Bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) is a major reproductive pathogen in cattle population throughout the world. A significant percentage of cattle of Iranian dairy farms have been detected to be seropositive to BVDV. Recent field and experimental studies have confirmed the negative impact of BVDV infection on the early reproductive performance of cattle. In the past decade, much progress has been achieved to explain the pathogenesis for low fertility in cattle undergoing a transient infection with BVDV. Disturbance in follicular development, ovulation and consequently corpus luteum formation are the main adverse effects of BVDV infection around the time of artificical insemination in cattle. This paper focuses on recent advances in the understanding of the pathogenesis of early reproductive loss associated with BVD virus infection.

Sixty white female BALB/ c mice at age 6 weeks were divided into two groups: Hydrogenated cotton seed oil and control. Each group was divided into three sub groups: 6, 9 and 12 weeks. The first group was fed with diet containing 10% hydrogenated cotton seed oil for 3 weeks, but controls with ordinary diet, ad libitum. Biopsy and histological studies showed decrease in number of follicles, but increase of atretic bodies. This was higher in 6 and 9 weeks. Decrease was more for primary follicles. The above phenomenon could be due to saturation of linoleic acid contained in hydrogenated cotton seed oil.

In order to indicate the prevalence of pyelonephritis in cattle slaughtered at Tehran province abattoirs, 405 cattle were examined clinically and paraclinically. Histopathological study showed that one case suffered from pyelonephritis and in bacterial culture, E. coli was isolated from both urine and renal tissue samples. Specific gravity of the urine sample was 1.032, pH was 6 and in microscopic examination WBC and RBC counts were 30-40 and 8-10 respectively, in high power field. Many bacteria, granular casts and WBC clumps were also seen.