Journal of Veterinary Research
Year:2007 | Volume:62 | Issue:5|Papers Count:23

The fundamental elements of nature, namely earth, water, air and sunshine should be in a healthy state, well balanced with the criteria of equilibrium and untainted so that the environment would remain pleasant and lively. Hence, there will be plant, animal and human in an existential balance. Man himself is the major polluter and destructor of environment. The environment, in turn, is a large collection of elements and a variety of active and reactive factors, developed and evolved for millions of years. As we are witnessing, any disturbance and destruction of nature has unrepiarable and harmful consequences. The protection of environment from man's disturbance calls for formulating appropriate regulations and rules and their right and timely enforcement. Yet, it is more important to cultivate the protection of environment in each and every individual including the laypeople and authorities. If we do not believe in what we are doing, we will fail to do what we are obliged to do. In the Holy Quran, frequent mentions have been made of the prostration of the earth, heaven, mountains, plants, animals and whatever exists in the universe. A type of spirit and expressiveness exists in everything. In other words, the secret of life is hidden in the living and the lifeless. Be it as it may, we should not disturb and destroy none of these things, neither should we find theoretical or artificial justification for the destruction of environment. Otherwise, we will disappoint the present and future generations, and will be responsible for our deeds against the truth. Man continues to strive to make a better and more convenient life for himself and to develop faster vehicles. If these are down properly, they will be useful for him but exploiting the environment is often destructive. The best productivity is to use the resources in a way that it would be less destructive and the environment is untainted minimally and that restoration and reconstruction cycles revive the environment rather than destroying it.

The aim of the present study was to determination the prevalence of gastric ulcer in Caspian miniature horse. The design Field- laboratorial studies on 23 Caspian miniature horses. Feed withdraw 12-16 hours before study and the owners or riders completed a form about housing, medication, age, sex, cell boold counts and the biochemical profile tests were carried out. Endoscope performed through the nostrils into the stomach for a systematic examination. Findings of endoscopy were analyzed by chi-squire test. Moreover, mean valus of the laboratorial values between horses with or without gastric ulcer were compared by T- test. Gastric ulcer was evident in 47.82% of cases. However, 81.9% and 18.1% of ulcers were in nonglandular and glandular regions of the stomach respectively.There was significant differences between glandular and nonglandular ulcers (p<0.01) and between genders (The females had higher incidence of gastric ulcer than males) (p<0. 05). Low incidences of gastric lesions were seen in horses which received antihelmentic drugs. Moreover, horses with history of long-term treatment with NSAID, had significantly higher incidence of gastric ulcer in the glandular region (p<0.05). The occurrence of gastric ulcer was associated with over exercise (p<0.05). There was no significant difference between serum Ca, Na, K, P, Mg and total protein levels in horses with or without ulcer. However horses suffered from gastric ulcer, showed a high serum levels of fibrinogen (p<0.05).

The aim of the present studyis determination of probable correlation between parasitemia rate and hemolysis in cattle infected with Anaplasma marginale. Two groups including 10 uninfected cattle and 20 infected cattle were selected. Based on parasitemia rates, the infected animals were divided into 3 subgroups (<10%, 10-20% and 20-30%). PCV, Hb, RBC count, MCV, MCH, MCHC, MCF, LDH, SOD and serum haptoglobin were measured in all animals. The results showed significant difference (p<0.05) between hematological factors of infected and uninfected animals except for haptoglobin.Negative correlations (p<0. 05) were observed among parasitemia, RBC count, Hb and PCV. Positive correlations (p<0. 05) were observed among parasitemia rate, MCF and LDH. SOD activity had negative correlation with parasitemia rate in cattle with parasitemia, being lower than 10%, but no significant correlation (p>0. 05) was observed between SOD activity and parasitemia rate in cattle with 10-20 and 20-30% parasitemia rate. There was no significant correlation between parasitemia rate and serum haptoglobin. In addition to autoimmune mechanisms in anemia, there is lower activity of SOD and higher RBC fragility only in cattle with parasitemia rate being lower than 10% and not for cattle with higher parasitemia rate. The exact mechanisms of anemia in bovine anaplasmosis are unclear and further investigations are needed to clarify this point.

In this study, the samples of 263 birds suspected to Aspergillosis were examined by direct microscopy, culture and histopathological methods. Of 263 affected birds, 185(85.3%), 23(79.3%), and 12(70.6%) were infected to pulmonary, ocular, and skin Aspergillosis, respectively. The most frequent aspergillus species were A.fumigatus (70.4%), and then A.flavus (22.7%), A.niger (3.6%), A.terreus (2.3%), and A.ustus (0.9%). Chickens were the most affected birds (85%). Aspergillus flavus was the most frequent pathogenic isolate in canary (61.5%). Young birds were most involved with pulmonary lesions (96.1%), whereas the ocular and skin lesions were mainly observed in adults. Regarding to high prevalence of different Aspergillus species in the environment and contaminated feedstuffs, it should be considered to plan a program to prevent the growth of these pathogens in breeding poultry.

To determine microscopic structures of nephrons in Caspian pony, a total number of five adult and healthy miniature ponies were provided and after opening the abdominal area, the kidneys were removed. The specimens, after fixation in 10% formalin and tissue passages were stained by hematoxylin and eosin and studied under light microscope. Kidneys are covered by a dense connective tissue. Each kidney is composed of two distinct parts of cortex and medulla which in cortex, renal corpuscles associated with some parts of urinary tubules are located. In medullar part of the kidneys, thin and thick limbs of henle and medullar part of collecting tubules, are observed, which terminate to papillary or Bellini ducts. Kidneys in Caspian pony are very similar to those of other equine. Although morphologically there are some differences between this species and others, but the presence of the capsule and its connections might be a peculiarity in this species.  

The aim pf the present study was to compare three different methods for detection of food and mouth disease virus antigens (A, Asia1, O1) from mouth epithelium samples and also to monitor the distribution of FMDV serotypes 338 cattle and 34 sheep of Iran during 2000-2001. The suspension fluids of processed tongue epithelium samples were clarified by centrifugation and tested for presence of FMDV antigens. Using Complement Fixation Test (CFT), Enzyme-linked Immuno- sorbant assay (ELISA) and inoculating onto BHK-21 cell culture. 151 out of 372 (40%) epithelium samples were positive to one of the FMD viruses, using CFT. These samples were collected from most provinces of Iran during one year (200-2001). The virus was isolated from 78 out of 100 mouth epithelium samples in BHK-21 cell culture. The CF and ELIS Atests were positive in 25 (30%) and 50(64%), respectively.ELISA was at least two times more sensitive than the CFT for detection of FMDV in epithelial samples.The Northwest region showed the highest rate of infection in the country meanwhile, Tehran province had the highest rate of infection among provinces.

To determine the utility of locomotion, lameness, lesion type, pain response, color and size scoring system as the qualitative indices for assessing the severity and prevalence of papillomatous digital dermatitis" PDD" and evaluating the individual therapeutic effect of solka hoofgel The Longitudinal field study was conducted on a 750 cows (230 lactating and 520 no lactating), commercial closed Holstein dairy herd in the vicinity of Tehran, Iran. These cows have had the experience of group treatment with topical spray solution of lincomycin HCL in previous year for control of PDD. Thirty eight lactating cows considered lame on the basis of locomotion scoring (1-5) with a range score of 2 -5. Among these cows 17 cows were diagnosed with lesions of PDD in different stage of development on the basis of lameness score (0-3) with an average score of 2.05 ±0.68. Each cow was restrained in a chute and lesion (0-4), pain (0-2), color (0-3)and size(0-3)scores were done prior to application of hoofgel and holding in place by bandage. Treatment was repeated every 3 days in three turns. Lesions were re-scored on day 15 and the changes in each score between initial and final scoring were calculated and the comparision was made statistically using Paired "t" test. Significant difference in evaluated scores between initial and final course of PDD lesion showed apparent healing effect of hoofgel with noticeable improvement in lesion score(-1.70±0.81), pain score(-1.05±0.63), color score(-1.23±0.81)and lesion size(1.17±0.80) respectively. From the results of this study it is concluded that converting the subjective scores to a numerical index provides criteria to assess when to intervene as well as to assess the impact of any intervention designed to monitor alleviate lameness due to digital dermatitis in a cow or in a herd level.

Effect of temperature on the duration of post ovulated oocyte quality maintenance in abdominal cavity of female rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, was assessed to determine suitable time of stripping. Egg quality measurement was done through assessing the eying and hatching rates of eggs.Regarding the best temperature range reported for salmonid brood fish in breeding season (3-10oC) the study was undertaken in two temperatures of 2 ± 0.5oC and 8 ± 0.5oC. In each of the noted temperatures, 15 female brood fish were used as 15 replicates and stripped 5 times. Time interval of each two spawning was 7 days. Results indicated that temperature has a significant effect on the suitable time of stripping. When the temperature increased from 2oC to 8oC, the optimum eyeing and hatching rates were transferred from second week to the first one. Also, eyeing rate was decreased from 83% for the fifth treatment at 2oC to 3.6% at 8oC. The same trend was observed for the hatching rates. The decrease of post ovulatory suitable stripping time from 30 days in 2oC to two weeks in 8oC, shows the role of temperature on egg quality maintenance and confirms that the increase of water temperature in optimal living range, shortens the suitable post ovulatory time of stripping. This time duration estimated at least 21 DPO at 2oC and 14 DPO at 8oC. Also the time needed for overripening of the eggs estimated more than 224 Degree-Days. So the time duration of post ovulated oocyte quality maintenance in abdominal cavity of female rainbow trout is highly dependent on water temperature.

In order to determine the efficacy of Agrisept tablets as a postmilking teat dip 30 Holstein cows, at 2 months after parturition were included. Subclinical mastitis was determined by analyzing the degrees of shirazma in milk samples at the beginning and the end of the first, second, third and fourth weeks of the study. Bacterial culture samples were obtained from milk of all the infected quarters. Agrisept was used as a teat dip for right and Benzalconium chloride for left quarters throughout the study (one month) and teat skin and its orifice were monitored for teat injuries. The numbers of infected quarters from the two groups at the mentioned times of the study were statistically analyzed with fisher exact and chi-square tests. Results showed that degrees of Shirazma test in the left and right quarters were significantly lower in Agrisept group at the end of first (p<0.038), second (p<0.42), third (p<0.56), and fourth weeks of study (p<0. 03). Bacterial culture of milk samples revealed; new intramarnmary infection of total bacteria (p>0.05) and Staphylococcus aureous (p<0.05) were greater in Agrisept compared to Benzalconium chloride group. It has been concluded that more studies are needed especially to evaluate the preventive effect of Agrisept on new infection rate of Staphylococcus aureous, before prescribing Agrisept as an effective teat dip.

The aim of the present study was using RT-PCR for the diagnosis of avian infectious bronchitis virus and Massachusetts serotype in tissue samples. Optimization of a molecular diagnostic method for the detection of avian bronchitis virus and identification of Massachusetts serotype was investigated. In order to detect infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) in tissue samples, an RT-PCR was optimized. Specific primers from conserved region of all known IBV serotypes were used in the first PCR assay. Specific primers for the identification of Massachusetts serotype were selected from S-1 gene of the virus in the second PCR reaction. The S-1 gene is a hypervariable region among IBV serotypes; therefore, the amplification of this region is important for serotype identification. Viral RNAwas extracted from vaccine and tissue samples from vaccinated and clinical tissue samples of suspected birds. After construction of cDNA, two PCR assays were performed. In the first RT-PCR, detection of virus in test samples was investigated and in the second PCR, Massachusetts serotype was identified. To identify the specificity of the test, PCR amplicons were sequenced. In the first reaction, the IBV was detected in the samples and a 600 bp fragment was amplified. In the second PCR, a 355 bp fragment was amplified from S-1 gene, which confirmed the detection of Massachusetts serotype. In clinical samples, the IBV was also detected. The specificity of the test was confirmed by sequencing of PCR products. Sequence data were submitted to the GenBank which could be accessible by AY954694 number. The RT-PCR is a specific assay for the detection of IBV. Detection of IBV and identification of genetic differences among IBV subtypes in Massachusetts serotype would be possible by sequencing of amplified products.

In our experimental study, 48 rats were divided into six groups in a randomized manner: A (1-3) and B (1-3) groups. A1 and B1 were negative controls. Laparotomy was performed and peritoneal inflammation on exposed bowel and peritoneum in A (1-3) and experimental infection induced in peritoneal cavity of B (1-3). Each rat of A2 and B2 received 100 IU intraperitoneal standard heparin and each rat of A3 and B3 received 100 IU intraperitoneal dalteparin. On the 21st postoperative day, rats were euthanized and intensity of intraperitoneal adhesions evaluated macroscopically. The results were analyzed with Chi-Square test. Peritoneal adhesions in experimental groups reduced significantly (p<0.05) in comparison with controls, but nosignificant differences were seen between experimental groups (p>0.05). So, dalteparin and standard heparin are effective in preventing adhesion in infectious and noninfectious peritonitis but nosignificant differences were found between these drugs (p>0.05). In brief, regarding to the in vivo beneficial effects of LMWH, dalteparin is more recommended.

Detection of bovine leukemia virus antigens can induces humoral immunity in cow were evaluated. Fifteen lymph node from infected cows that had positive results in AGID and ELISAtests for BLVand have clinical signs of lymphosarcoma, in addition five lymph node from apparently healthy cows that had negative results in serological tests. After preparation of extract of lymph nodes, all of the samples electerophoresed in SDS-PAGE system in discontinuous 5 and 10% gel. All gels transferred to nitrocellulose membrane in Biorad blotting system. Antigens were detected by BLVpositive antisera by using HRPO conjugated protein G and Tetramethyl benzidine as substrate. At least 25 proteinal bands were detected in SDS-PAGE of tumoral and normal lymph node. In tumural tissues two additional band 24 and 51 kda were detected. In western blotting of those samples, gp51 antigen were detected in all tumoral lymph nodes , p24 antigen were detected in 5 samples from 15 samples and in non of apparently healthy samples non of those two antigens did not detect in WB test. These results were shown that gp51 were expressed in high level in tumors and induced a strong humoral immune response but p24 is a weak and non-common antigen in lymphatic tumors. Gp51 is most important and first antigen in all of the cases that infected by BLV.

In this study 19 BLV infected and 2 healthy lymph nodes were analysed by Western blotting to detect viral p24 antigen. Western blotting was carried out by Rabbit anti p24 serum and p24 monoclonal antibody. Rabbit serum in western blotting could detect 45, 50, 54, 58 and less than 19 kD bands of proteins and monoclonal antibody could detect 30, 32, 39, 45, 50 and 53 kD bands. Our results indicate polymorphism of proteins with p24 epitope in different BLVinfected samples. Otherwise, it could be concluded that BLVstructural proteins sharing p24 epitopes have high degree of phenotypic diversity.

Effect of early- feeding of broiler chicks immediately after hatch with gel or granule, on performance, the relative weight of yolk sac, liver, proventricolus, gizzard and the relative weight of weight and length of small intestine were investigated. Analyzing the data by using SAS statistical program including complete randomly design and Duncan test, showed that post hatch feeding of gel, could increase body weight in comparison to control group (p£0.05). Feed intake and feed conversation ratio did not show any significant differences between groups (p>0.05). The relative weight of liver and gizzard in early feeding groups increased in comparison to control group (p£0.05) and post hatch feeding could increase relative length of small intestine (p£0.05). In conclusion, according to the results of this study, performance and growth of digestive tract of broiler chicks that received post hatch feeding was more than control. Also, comparison of different methods of early feeding showed that high humidity of gel caused more benefits on performance of broilers.

Respiratory diseases are considered as common disorders in broiler farms. Over the past decade a pleomorphic gram negative bacteria which isolated from broilers with respiratory diseases now calls ornithobacterium rhinotracheale. In this study, samples from trachea and lung collected from chicken with clinical respiratory signs in 173 broiler farms and then subjected on bacterial culture. The bacteria were identified using specific biochemical tests. The ornithobacterium rhinotracheale was isolated from 17 samples (9/8%). in addition sensitivity of isolated bacteria against different antibiotic was examined with kerby- bauer method. As results most of the isolates were sensitive to doxycycline antibiotic. Therefore, biosecurity and vaccination in bieeders is recommended.

Seven Caspian miniature horses, aged above two years, were used for this study. The skeleton of these horses were cleaned and prepared using appropriate techniques. The vertebral column was studied and photographed. The vertebral column in one of these horses showed variations in thoracic, lumbar and sacral region. The vertebral formola was C7, T19, L5, S6 and a pair of 19th rib was fused with the last thoracic vertebra. There are no reports regarding variation in vertebral column of the miniature horse. Like the other equine, the vertebral column of the Caspian miniature horse may show some variation regarding the number of vertebrae in different region of vertebral column.

Present research was for Study on parasitic infections of domestic ruminants in Golestan province. 234 samples of the gastrointestinal tracts contents, 260 livers, 180 lungs, 350 hearts and muscles, 300 abdominal cavities and 100 eyes for infection to helminthes, 800 blood samples for protozoa and external coats of 700 animals were examined for arthropoda. Results showed that 19.74% of sheep gastrointestinal contents were infected to helminthes and 8 species of nematodes and one species of cestode were isolated. Helminth infection in liver, lung and abdominal activity were 14.4%, 7.5% and 22.22% respectively. Also infection to protozoa was 8.14% and to ectoparasites was 23.33%. 22.49% of goat gastrointestinal contents were infected to helminthes and 8 species of nematodes and three species of cestodes were isolated. Helminth infection in liver, lung and abdominal activity were 16.6%, 7.5% and 37.5% respectively. Also infection to protozoa was 2.96% and to ectoparasites was 22.22%. 10.4% of cattle gastrointestinal contents were infected to helminth parasites and one species of nematode and one species of trematoda were isolated. Helminth infection in liver and lung were 6.5%, 4.16% respectively. Also infection to protozoa was 10% and to ectoparasites was 43.33%. No helminth was isolated from heart and muscles in above-mentioned ruminants.

In this study, samples of farm shrimp species Paeneus indicus obtained from different stages of hatchery and rearing period and subsequent marketing, water and sediments of rearing farms and marine shrimp species Paeneus semisulcatus were analysed for Vibrio spp. according to the methods described by American Public Health Association. The identified Vibrio species were Vibrio alginolyticus, V. parahaemolyticus (Kanagawa positive) and V. fluvialis. The results and detection of V. parahaemolyticus Kanagawa positive (even in low proportion) in this study suggest a probable risk for health of people consuming raw or under cooked shrimp. Therefore it is recommended to pay attention to post harvest handling e.g. washing the shrimp with fresh water containing 2-7 ppm chlorine and freezing at -40oC and adequate cooking to safeguard public health.