OLYMPIC
Year:2008 | Volume:16 | Issue:2 (SERIAL 42)|Papers Count:12

Six young obese girls (20.5 ±1.22, BMI = 34.5±4.3 kg/m2) participated in resistance protocol (11 exercise, 4 sets ´15 repetitions at 60% of 1 RM with 1.5 min of rest between sets), aerobic exercise (3 sets ´ 10 min ergo meter cycling at 60% to 70% of maximal heart rate with 5 min of rest between sets) and control sessions. Blood samples were collected before and immediately after exercise and 10 hours of recovery. ANOVA (3´3) with repeated measure was used to determine the effects of exercise protocol, time and exercise protocol by blood sampling time interaction, triglycerides, HDL-C, LDL-C, and glucose concentrations. Serum leptin immediately and 10 hours past aerobic exercise exhibited significant reductions (p<0.01). Serum Insulin was lower at the two trails after aerobic exercise too (p<0.05). Furthermore, no differences were found in serum leptin and insulin between resistance protocol and control sessions immediately after exercise and about 10 hours of recovery (p<0.05). Blood glucose, total cholesterol, HDL-C and LDL-C were unchanged on either exercise protocols (p<0.05). In conclusion, typical aerobic exercise protocol designed same as this study resulted in serum leptin and insulin reduction when sampled immediately or about 10 hour postexercise; but the resistance protocol did not result in plasma leptin and insulin changes.

The aim of present study was to assess the effect of one period of regular walking on the level of general, trait and state anxiety of pregnant women in the 2nd and 3rd trimester of pregnancy. Using a quasi-experimental field approach some 40 pregnant, two experimental and control groups, were selected. At first all subjects answered to Cattle Anxiety Questionnaire (CAQ), then after presenting a special walking program, all subjects answered to the CAQ again. There was a significant difference between general, trait and state anxiety levels in experimental and control groups (P<0.05). There wasn’t any significant difference in difference between means of the pre-/post-tests of the general and trait anxiety, while the difference was seen in the state anxiety of the test groups (P<0.05).

Introduction: To study peak oxygen uptake in child and adolescents during physical growth and development, in addition to age, sex and inheritance, biological maturity is effective factor on peak oxygen uptake and most studies to pay attention to it. The purpose of this study is Comparison of peak oxygen uptake in non athlete's adolescent girls with different maturity status.Methodology: 39 girl’s students 13.66-14.66 years were selected by purposive sampling from population of adolescent girls in Tehran and were classified to three maturity status early, average and late by age at menarche. Body fat percent and Peak oxygen uptake were assessed by body composition analyzer and Bulk test respectively. Also variables such as chronological age, age at menarche, height, weight, body mass index, body fat percent and Peak oxygen uptake (absolute and relative) were described by central tendency and measure of variation and were compared between different maturity statuses by the help of analysis of variance. In additional multiple regression analysis was used to determine variable’s share in prediction of Peak oxygen uptake in adolescent girls.Results: the results showed that relative peak oxygen uptake significantly was higher in late maturate than early and average maturational groups (P<0.01); but weight, body fat percent and absolute peak oxygen uptake don’t different in there maturational groups significantly. There was Significance correlation between relative peak oxygen uptake with age at menarche, BMI, body fat percent and maturity status, also between absolute peak oxygen uptake with height, weight, BMI and body fat percent (p<0.05). Body fat percent and maturity status were most importance considerable variables to predict relative peak oxygen uptake (R=0.638). Also body weight and age at menarche were most importance considerable variables to predict absolute peak oxygen uptake (R=0.763).Conclusion: the results of this study indicated that peak oxygen uptake actually was under the influence of maturity. Although analysis of variance test and multiple regression analysis showed that to predicting absolute peak oxygen uptake, age at menarche was one of the most important factors between considerable variables after than weight.

The purpose of this research was to study the acute effect of single and double session of exhaustion progressive exercise on the immunity factors in activity girls. For this reason, 21 healthy girl student of physical education with age 20.77±1.93 years, weight 57.33±5.54kg, height 162.17±5.62cm and aerobic capacity 41.07±5.11 ml/kg/min voluntary participated in this study, had been selected and randomly divided in 3 groups: one experimental group (2 session of exercise in a day, n=8), two experimental group (1 session of exercise in a day, n=7) and control group (n=6). Blood samples were taken in 2 stages: 1. 24 h before exercise for detecting of baseline of leucocytes, lymphocytes and neutrophiles (pre- test condition) 2. After exercise in the afternoon (post-test condition). ANOVA test, paired t-test and Tukey test were used to Statistics analysis for data in signification level loss 0.05 (p£0.05) to used SPSS13. The findings of this study indicated that: The count of leucocytes, lymphocytes and neutrophiles was significantly increased in one and two experimental group relative to baseline and comparison with control group (p£0.05). In addition there was no significant difference between one and two, experimental groups (p>0.05). In general the result of this study was expressed that 2 session of exercise in comparison of with 1 session of exercise group in day was a few effect on number of leucocytes, lymphocytes and neutrophiles of active girls. Therefore, the results of this study suggest that more research was achieved in field.

The purpose of this study is evaluating the viewpoint of Iran sport and Tourism managers and authorities in the context of Sport Tourism in Iran. For this purpose, 24 sport managers and authorities from Iran national Olympic committee and physical education organization, which were active related to tourism, and were conformed by mentioned organizations, and 16 managers from tourism assistance of cultural heritage and tourism organization, which were conformed by cultural heritage, handcrafts and tourism, were selected as sample and genuine (N=n). According to analytical nature of current study, questionnaire based on Likert five rank scale in order to identifying the importance of sufficient agents regard to country sport tourism in Iran to separating from view point of research samples, was developed then distributed among samples. After gathering information using software spss, data were extracted, edited and analyzed through X2 and Kramer V tests statistical examination. Research results indicated that among managers and sport authorities and tourism managers regard to pulling, pushing factors, there is meaningful correlation while it was not observed about inhibiting factors. Meanwhile among view points of sport managers and authorities and tourism managers which had taken apart at least in one sport event, with sport managers and authorities and tourism managers which had not taken apart in foreign sport event, there wasn't meaningful correlation from the view point of pulling, pushing and inhibiting factors.

The purpose of this study was to identify the relation of cognitive-motivational factors with students' sport performance with regard to Dweck cognitive-social approach. For this reason, 500 third grade high school mathematics students (250 male and 250 female) from Shiraz, who were healthy physically, were selected with multi-stage cluster sampling. They answered to a questionnaire composed of four subscales: intelligence beliefs, achievement goals, effort, and task value. Their sport performance was also assessed through their sport scores at the end of academic year. Path analysis results showed that entity intelligence beliefs decreased sport performance, but incremental intelligence beliefs increased sport performance. The results also showed that effort had the most direct influence on sport performance.

This research was carried out to evaluate the effect of continuous aerobic exercise on the rate of HSP70 in mice with breast cancer tumor. For this aim 80 female balb/c mice were utilized and randomly divided in 4 groups as follow: 1. Exercise – Tumor – Exercise (ETE), 2. Exercise – Tumor – Rest (ETR), 3. Rest – Tumor – Exercise (RTE), and 4. Rest – Tumor – Rest (RTR). The effect of aerobic exercise on the rate of the HSP70 was evaluated before and after the tumor transplantation. Pre – tumor exercise regimen was done for 8 weeks at 50% to 75% Vo2max. Post – tumor exercise regimen was done for 4 weeks at approximately 60% Vo2max. The result of this research shows that the rate of HSP70 decreased in groups which after tumor transplantation participate in exercise programs (ETE and RTE groups). This reduction was seen in tumor volume and the amount of the survival rates in these groups too. Based on the results of this research HSP70 plays as a modulating signal in interaction with tumor and exercise. Therefore this proteins activity in normal conditions differs from which happens under stressful conditions. It seems that continuous aerobic exercise by reducing the HSP70 in tumor species, along with other procedures, can promote tumor treatment.

The purpose of present research is to compare the selfperception of physical competence of active and inactive students by consideration of gender and also inspect the relation between body composition and self-perception of physical competence. 107 active and inactive boys and girls students (18 up to 28 years old) that are selected randomly from Tehran University constitute Statistical sample; in present research to gather up information, two questionnaires were used: physical activity evaluation questionnaire, for evaluation of state of activity of subject (active or inactive); physical self-descriptive questionnaire, that included 3 subscales: body fat subscale, body appearance subscale, and whole body subscale, to specify the amount of self-perception of physical competence of subject. Also to evaluate body composition Inbody (Body Composition Analysis) plant is used. The used statistical method includes 2-Way ANOVA and Pierson correlation coefficient analysis test. Results showed that physical activity, gender and interaction of body activity with gender have significant effect on self-perception of physical competence. In the other words, active individuals compared to inactive and boys compared to girls have more positive attitude about their physical competence. Also correlation results showed that there is significant reverse relation between self-perception of physical competence and obesity factors (e.g. BMI, WHR, and body fat percent).

The purpose of this study was to estimating anaerobic power by new zigzag test: Tarbiat Modares An aerobic Test (TMAT). Thirty women athletes participated in this study (age 22.46±1.8 years; body mass 53.53±5.50kg; height 162.18±5.31cm; body fat percent 25.54±5.60). Peak, average and minimum power value and fatigue indices by Wingate and New zigzag test were determined. Also, we measured the changes of blood lactate and heart rate in two tests. The results showed that there is a significant correlation in peak, average and minimum values of anaerobic power indices between New zigzag test and Wingate anaerobic test (p<0.01, r =0.73; p<0.01, r =0.69; p<0.01, r =0.55 respectively). But this correlation was not significant in fatigue index between two test (p>0.01, r =0.31).There was not a significant difference in changes of blood lactate amounts between two tests from rest to 5 minutes after test. Also there was not a significant difference in heart rate changes between two test from rest to immediately after tests. The results showed the high correlation between the test and retest as to the peak, average and minimum power indices of the new zigzag test, but the moderate correlation was shown of fatigue index. Therefore, the new zigzag test can be used evaluate the indices of anaerobic performance, because of the significant correlation shown between this test and Wingate anaerobic test and high reliability its.

The purpose of this study was to compare the bone mineral density (BMD) in dominant and non-dominant leg between professional soccer players and non-athlete students. Fifteen professional soccer players (mean ± SD; age: 23.26±0.29 years, height: 174±1.07 cm, weight: 70.33±1.8 kg) and fourteen healthy non-athlete students (mean ± SD; age: 22 years, height: 173±1.2 cm, weight: 61.64±2.4 kg) participated in this study. All soccer players and control group were free of any illness such as diabetes, hyperthyroidism, hyperparathyroidism, cardiovascular disease and were not taking any medication. The activity levels and dietary habits of all subjects were noted. Bone mineral density (BMD) was measured by Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry (DEXA) at the femoral neck, femoral trochanter of dominant and non-dominant legs. The participants did not report any anti-seizure drugs, alcohol and cortoon consumption, neither smoking cigarette. Paired sample ttest, independent t-test were used to analyses the data. The results of this study showed that non-dominant leg of soccer players had significantly higher BMD than their dominant leg (t= 2.92, P= 0.01), (1335 versus 1288 mg/cm²) no significant difference was observed between dominant and non-dominant leg of control group (t= 0.05, P= 0.95), (941.1 versus 941.5 mg/cm²). The level of BMD of both legs of soccer players were significantly higher than control group (t=8.03, t= 8.58, P= 0.000), (1335 and 1288 mg/cm² versus 941.5 and 941.5 mg/cm²). Because of more frequent engagement of non-dominant leg in take off, landing and stance in shooting, bone mineral density is higher than the other leg. Furthermore it seems that soccer play lead to increase of BMD in nondominant and dominant leg in soccer players, that this point cause useful in prevention of osteoporosis.