OLYMPIC
Year:2011 | Volume:18 | Issue:4 (SERIAL 52)|Papers Count:16

The objective of present study was to examine the effect of moderate and heavy resistance exercise on serum ghrelin, somatostatin and glucagon hormones. Study design was crossover and 13 volunteer male(age 37.38±5.92 year, body weight 79.66±7.59 kg, body fat 22.46±5 % and BMI 26.44±2.81 kg/m2) in acute resistance exercise include 8 exerciser, 3 sets, 70-75 % or 80-85 % of 1RM in 3 position control (n=13), moderate (n=13) and heavy (n=13) resistance exercise, before and after exercise days subjects self-recorded dietary intake. Blood samples were taken before, immediately, 3 and 9-h after the exercise protocol. Ghrelin showed an increase immediately and 3-h after exercise and 9-h after exercise returned to pre-exercise values over groups. There were no effect significantly serum ghrelin, somatostatin and glucagon by moderate and heavy resistance exercise. Conclusion: Moderate and heavy resistance exercise no effect signify cantly on circadian rhythm serum ghrelin, somatostatin and glucagon.

The purpose of the present study was comparing inflammatory markers of related to post menopause in active and non-active postmenopausal women. Fourteen active women (with average age= 55±4.9 years BMI=27.66±3.16, body fat percent 35.45±5.16, VO2max 26.64±5.53 ml/kg.min), who have been training for at least three hours per week, and fourteen non-active women (with average age= 54.1±4.01years, BMI= 27.13±2.93, body fat percent 36.46±4.71, VO2max 19.78±2.42 ml/kg.min) participated in this study. Blood samples were taken in fasting state from all subjects. Data analyzed using independent t test. The results showed that there is not significant difference in CRP, E- selection, ICAM-1 and IL-8 levels between two groups. However, the TNF-a and IL-6 have significantly been lower in active than non-active postmenopausal women. In summary, the response of inflammatory markers to differences levels of physical activity, was different and may not be influence inflammatory cascade hypothesis. Thus, other studies (longitudinal and cross sectional studies) to clarify are need.

Sportsperson ship is one of the new terms which gets a lot of attention in sports ethics research nowadays. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the sportsperson ship among individual and team sports elite male athletes. For this purpose, 84 elite athletes from individual sports including Wrestling, Tekwaendo, Karate, Weight Lifting, Track and field, Cycling, Boxing, Table Tennis, Swimming, Badminton, Gymnastic, Wusho, Bodybuilding and Skating and 78 elite male athletes from team sports including Basketball, Volleyball, Handball and Football completed the MSOS inventory. A pilot study among 45 athletes of Azad University was held which 34 inventory was approved and the coefficient alpha obtained was 0.77. Since after the examining, the distribution was not normal the data was analyzed through non-parametric Mann-Whitney U statistical method. The results stated that athletes involved in individual sports showed higher levels of sportsperson ship comparing to those who involved in team sports. Moreover, there found to be no significant diffrence between athletes with sport science academic education and those with other majors of academic education.

This study examined the how customer perceptions of quality of services provided affect customer loyalty in the sport services industry. For this, data were collected from 437 sport service users include some different sport area. The a priori proposed model concerning service quality perceptions and customer loyalty was tested using structural equation modeling techniques. The proposed model was determined to fit the data reasonably well. These results indicate that customer loyalty can be explained by customers’ perceptions of the service quality of sport services provider. The theoretical and practical implications of the model within the framework of sport services management are discussed.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of branched-chain amino acid (BCAA ) supplementation on indirect indicators of muscle damage (LD H, DO MS) in male students. Sixteen, healthy and trained young male students (age: 24.12±1.25 years, height: 174.59±4.63 centimeters, weight: 71.52±8.97 kilograms, body mass index: 23.40±2.19 kg/m², percent of body fat: 11.81±1.21) were selected and divided to two groups randomly: BCAA (n=8) and placebo (n=8) and exercised on a treadmill at 90 - minute running bout with 70% VO2max on one occasion. Beverages were administered five minutes before exercise, as well as at the 60-minute mark in a double-blind randomized study design. Indirect muscle damage markers (Lactate dehydrogenase and Ratings of perceived soreness) were assessed pre, 4-hours, and 24-hours post-exercise. 48-hours post-exercise ratings of perceived soreness were also recorded. Lactate dehydrogenize concentrations were elevated in the placebo trial at 4-hours as compared to the BCAA trial and ratings of perceived sore ness were lower at 24- hours post-exercise following the BCAA trial. The present data suggest that BCAA supplementation attenuates muscle damage during prolong endurance exercise in trained males.

Women who participate in high-risk sports showed 2-8 times more ACL injury than males athletes. The purpose of this research was to study the relationship between postural malalignment and ACL injury in certain skeletal landmarks. Twenty ACL – injured females (age 24.90±5.75 yr, height 167.05±6.58 cm, mass 60.88±5.58 and athletic experience 7.70±4.41) and 20 non-injured females (age 24.80±5.59 yr, height 166.15±6.39 cm, mass 60.20±6.08 and athletic experience 7.00 ±3.69) were matched by age, sport and involved limb participated in this study. Subjects were assessed for navicular drop, dorsiflexion, tibial torsion, Q angle, ante version, knee recurvatum; hip internal and external rotation rang of motion, true and apparent leg length discrepancies and general joint laxity. Data were analyzed using by x2 and logistic regression tests (p£.05). Results showed significant relationship between ACL injury with navicular drop, knee recurvatum and tibial torsion. Also general joint laxity and navicular drop were found to be statistically significant predictive of ACL injury history. Based on the results of this retrospective study the identifying and correcting of such these biomechanical and ana tomical factors which predispose the ACL to injury are necessary.

The purpose of this study was to determine construct validity and three reliability aspects of Test of Gross Motor Development (TGMD-2; Ulrich, 2000) in Tehranian children aged 3-11. TGMD-2 which includes two subtests (locomotor and object control), is designed to assess movement pattern development of 12 fundamental skills. The total sample consisted of 1438 children that were equally divided among 8 age groups and between 2 genders. Internal consistency reliability for locomotor and object control score and also for total composite score averaged 0.78, 0.74 and 0.80, respectively. Internal consistency reliability was high for females and males, too. Test-retest reliability ranged from 0.65 to 0.81, and Interarater reliability was above 0.95. To investigate construct validity, Ulrich’s (2000) two-factor model postulated and this hypothesis was tested through confirmatory factor analysis. According to the model, six variables or skills measuring child’s ability for moving into space, loaded on one factor (locomotor), while the other six variables measuring ability for controlling and manipulating objects, loaded on the other factor (object control). According to the resulting findings, two-factor structure of TGMD-2 and also proper assignment of skills to locomotor and object control factors were supported for our population, too. Additionally the correlation coefficients between age and subtests’ score provided support for another aspect of construct validity, i.e., developmental nature of TGMD-2; the resulting coefficients indicated that TGMD-2 is capable of differentiation between ages. In conclusion, this study indicated that TGMD-2 can be used with confidence to assess gross motor development of the studied population.

The purpose of this study was to investigate both relative muscle activity levels and ratios of local to global muscle activity in health (normal lumbar lordose) and hyperlordose groups, during prone bridging stabilization exercise on stable and labile surfaces. Twenty-five healthy volunteers’ males were recruited from a convenience sample of collage students and divided to 2 groups. Surface electromyography activity were recorded from the abdominal muscles – rectus abdominis (RA), external oblique (EO) and internal oblique-transverse abdominis (IO-TA) – while performing prone bridge on the matt as well as on a Swiss ball and normalized to maximum voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC). The results were analyzed by t-test. In both groups during the prone bridge the addition of a Swiss ball resulted in significant increased myoelectric activity in the RA, EO and IO-TA muscles (P<0.05). Furthermore, the ratios of local to global abdominal muscle activity (IO-TA/RA and IO-TA/EO) were about 1 in normal lumbar lordose group on both surfaces. However, these ratios in hyperlordose group were about 1.5 principally on the Swiss ball. Results of the study suggest that prone bridge on a Swiss ball when compared with a matt is possible to be an useful exercise to restoration of the patterns correct contractions of abdominal muscles, particularly local muscles in hyperlordose group.

companies’ financial support has been increasing as an element of marketing communications. Sponsorship has become a major source of funding special and non-going sporting events. However, sponsors may question return to their investment in such events. The present study investigates the main objectives of the sponsoring companies and compares views of company and sport managers. The data collection instrument was a highly reliable tailor-made questionnaire (a=0.84). The statistical population of this study was all managers of factories and private companies, club manager and sport headquarters in East Azarbaijan. Data was analyzed through the descriptive as well as the non-parametric U-Mann-Whitney inferential statistics with P<0.05. Results indicated significant difference among managers’ views regarding: product-related goals (discovering new market sector), sales targets (development public awareness and gaining more profit), extensive general goals including media coverage (better relationship with the government, obtaining tax-exemptions due to economic advertising in sports), criteria to select sports (close relation of the company product to sport type), While there was no significant difference (P<0.05) among the groups in terms of the other goals related to product, sales objectives, general objectives and the criteria to select group sports. Finally, to attract more sports’ financial supporters, proper measures should be taken. It is suggested that appropriate plans can be designed in order to attract more financial supporters. This can help promote private companies' attention to sports so that one can benefit form their financial support.

Postural control and dynamic balance are essential in activities of daily living and for optimal performance in sport activity. The purpose of this study was to determine if excessive and normal knee Q angle influence measure of dynamic balance in female athletes. Twenty females athlete with right dominant side participated in this study. 10 subjects with excessive knee Q angle (Q>18), (age= 21.20±1.4 years, height= 163.5±4.5 cm, mass= 61±8.02 kg, Q angle= 19.85±1.2 degree) and 10 subjects with normal knee Q angle (13<Q<18), (age= 22.10±1.1 years, height= 165.5±6.02 cm, mass= 59.9±10.1kg, Q angle= 15.35±1.4 degree) volunteered. The subject’s demography, medical and athletic backgrounds, exercise programs and their injury reputation were collected by special forms. The subjects reported no history of fracture in lower extremity or history of neurological or vestibular impairments. The rest of the information was measured through quantitative measuring and examinations so that measuring of Q angle by standard drawing method and universal goniometry. The star excursion balance test was used to measure dynamic balance, which was reported as the reach distance (cm) in each of the 8 directions tested. The average of 3 trials of each measure was calculated and normalized to the subject’s leg length. The mean of reach distance in 8 directions in females with abnormal Q angle (Q>18) were less than females with normal Q angle. We found significant differences in anteromedial, poster lateral and anterior directions between two groups. Our results suggest that postural stability is affected by knee alignment under dynamic conditions.

Background and Objective: Study findings have demonstrated that increasing FFA FFA availability increases fat oxidation and decreases carbohydrate use in skeletal muscle. This study was performed with purpose to determine the effect of L-carnitine supplementation plus heparin infusion on fat metabolism and aerobic capacity. Materials and Methods: 30 healthy untrained male students cycled for 20 min according to Astrand submaximal ergometery protocol. This study performed in two separate stages: 1). Pretest: Exercise protocol without infusion heparin or L-carnitine ingestion in experimental (n=15) or control (n=15) groups: 2). Post-test: Exercise protocol with infusion heparin + L-carnitine ingestion in experimental group and placebo (Lactose) in control group. Blood samples were drawn immediately followed up exercise for the purpose of calculation plasma free fatty acid (FFA FFA), triglyceride (TG). A Sample t test was used to determine significant differences between the two groups (P<0.05). Results: FFA FFA increased significantly and TG decreased significantly in experimental group. The rest heart rate decreased and Vo2max increased in experimental group (P<0.05). All variables unaffected in the placebo trial. Conclusion: Our results showed that heparin infusion plus L-carnitine supplementation lead to increase FFA FFA concentration and aerobic capacity. These finding suggested that increase availability and mitochondria transport FFA FFA lead to enhancing in fat metabolism and improving of endurance performance.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of 12-weeks selective aerobic and resistance water training on bone density and plasma levels of calcium and phosphorus in obese postmenopausal women. For this reason twenty obese postmenopausal women as subject elected to participate in this study and randomly divided into experimental group (age: 50±3.87, Height: 150±7.06, Weight: 80±2.05 BMI: 30±3/51) and control group (age: 50±3.83, Height: 150±7.61cm, Weight: 80±2.75Kg, BMI: 30±3/37). The experimental group performed selective resistance and aerobic water training for 3 month for 3-5sessions/wk in 45 min at 65-75% of MHR. Control group did not participate in any exercise program during study period. Blood samples were collected for assay of calcium, phosphor, pharatormone and 25 – OHD3 levels before and after exercise regimen. Bone density of lumbar spine and femur were measured in both groups in before and after exercise training period by densitometry method. Data analysis showed that there was a significant increase in femoral bone density, calcium and pharathormone levels in experimental group compared with control group at the end of study period. In conclusion, the results of this study indicate that one period of 12-weeks selective resistance and aerobic water training enhanced femural bone density in obese postmenopausal women.