OLYMPIC
Year:2012 | Volume:20 | Issue:2 (SERIAL 58)|Papers Count:11

Rate-pressure product (RPP) is indirect index to study of oxygen demands of myocardium. This index is an important clinical predictors of mortality, coronary artery disease and heart ischemia. It is little known about effects of difference exercise trainings on sub-maximal and maximal RPP.Therefore, the purpose of this study was survey of selected aerobic continues and interval exercise training on RPP in rest, during exercise, maximal and recovery in POST CABG Patients.Thirty three (30 men, 3 women with mean age: 58.33±9.50 yr. and mean BMI: 27.05±3.55 kg/m2) POST CABG patients were divided into a selected aerobic continues training (AC, n=12), or an aerobic interval training (AI, n=12) and control group (C, n=9). AC was including 30-60 minutes and intensity of 70-85% of peak heart rate and AI was three interval, 28-45 minutes and intensity of 75-90% of peak heart rate. Exercise training programs was performed three times a week for 8 weeks. Exercise training with modified BRUCE protocol used to heart rate, resting and maximum rate of pressure product (RPP). Also t student test used for within group analyze. Spss (16 version) and EXEL (2010) software used to analyze of all statistics test.The AC and AI exercise training induced a decrement positive significant effects in RPP in resting (AC: P=0.01, AI: P=0.02), in 3 minutes (AC: P=0.008, AI: P=0.01), 6 minutes (AC: P=0.02, AI: P=0.03), 9 minutes (AC: P=0.007, AI: P=0.001) and in maximal exercise (AC: P=0.01, AI: P=0.001) in comparison with control group. There are not significant differences in before and after of absolute RPP in minutes of 1, 2 and 3 recovery in two exercise group.This study indicated that selected continuous and interval exercise training with 70-90 of peak heart rate have a positive decrement effects on resting RPP, sub- maximal and RPPR and also increase in maximal RPP. Therefore, selected high intensity continuous and interval exercise training enhance efficiency of myocardium and its metabolic demands.

The purpose of this study was to determine the acute effects of static, dynamic and combined stretching with 2 and 5 minute intervals upon Vertical Jump (VJ) Performance, and Electromyographic activity of the vastus medialis muscle. 11 untrained girls, (age: 21.58±0.90 years, height: 162.67±4.91 cm, weight: 59.87±1.02 kg, BMI: 22.63±3.88 kg/m2) were randomly placed in one of eight different conditions (no stretching (NS), static stretching (SS), dynamic stretching (DS), and combined stretching (CD) with 2 and 5 minute intervals respectively in each group) on separate occasions, in a crossover design. After each condition, measurements of vertical jump Flight time and EMG activity during the vertical jump were recorded. the Results of repeated measures ANOVA and Bonferroni post hoc indicated that there were significant difference between the VJ flight time (P=0.001), and muscle electrical activity (P=0.001) after types of stretching (in both intervals, dynamic stretching showed highest results, static stretching and without stretching groups had the bottom of the results and the combined groups showed borderline results). However, there were no significant differences between the groups of static, dynamic and combined stretching themselves, in intervals 2 and 5 minutes (P³0.05).It can be concluded that although the time interval between the stretching and performance can be important, but it is not as important as the stretching type. And to determine the effect of stretching on the performance, the type of stretching is more important than the interval between the stretching and performance.

The aim of the current study was to monitor anthropometric and physiological characteristics of elite Iranian female dragon boat paddlers.24 subjects (Right paddlers n=13 and left paddlers n=11) (Mean ± SD: Age: 22±3 years, years of paddling: 2.9±1.4, height: 167.6±2 cm, weight: 60.7±6.7 kg, BMI: 21.6±2.3) all being member of Iranian national dragon boat team, participated in this study. In addition to height, weight and BMI, other anthropometric characteristics were measured: (Mean±SD, arm length: 52.6±2.1 cm, lean body mass: 48.3±4.4 kg, muscle mass: 26.3±2.7 kg, fat mass: 12.4±4.2 kg, and body fat percentage: 20.4±4.6 %) by a body compassion analyzer. Upper body performance, as determined by chin - ups (16.6 ± 7), 1 minute curl- ups (55.6±8.7), handgrip strength (33.4±4.1 N) and shoulder flexibility (38.9±5.8 cm). V02max was determined by performing a Bruce test on treadmill (43.3±5 ml/kg/min).Blood peak lactate (l1.42±3.4 mmol/L) was measured 2 minutes after completing 500 m single paddling in modified kayak boats as a paddling performance assessment, (Mean±SD 500 m record: 3: 23 min: sec). Significant difference was observed in handgrip strength between right and left paddlers. Although upper body endurance and paddling performance was higher in right paddlers but no significant difference was observed versus left paddlers. These measurements help coaches to select athletes of the same anthropometric and physiologic characteristics in order to better synchronize rowing strokes in a boat. In addition, our findings indicated that left paddlers need to enhance the upper body and hand grip strength to improve team performance.

Guided imagery as a complementary treatment is technique that uses of narrative and story for the effects of images and patterns that the mind creates. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of guided imagery on the range of motion and proprioception of injured knee of male athletes. Eighteen athletes with a knee injury were randomly divided into experimental (N= 9) and control (N= 9) groups. Experimental and control group athletes after anterior cruciate ligament or meniscus surgery were gradually entered into research. In addition to physiotherapy exercises, subjects in experimental group received guided imagery exercises. Range of motion and also proprioceptive error rate of knees were measured in pre and post test by mechanical goniometer and Biodex (system 3) respectively. ANCOVA was used for analyzing the data. Results of this study showed that guided imagery accompanied by physiotherapy (136.22±8.64o vs 137.56±10.41) such as physiotherapy alone (141.11±8.64ovs 140.56±8.92), increased range of motion in the injured and non injured knees respectively. Proprioceptive errors rate in the injured and non injured knees in experimental groups decreased (4.8 and 15.5 % respectively), but in control groups proprioceptive errors increased 7% in injured knees and decreased about 9.07% in non injured knees. In all cases the differences were not statistically significant (P>0.05). It can be concluded that guided imagery accompanied by physiotherapy is useful to improve (not significantly) range of motion and proprioception in the patients.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of 12 weeks of progressive resistance training on visfatin, insulin resistance (IR) and effective hormones on visfatin secretion. For this purpose, 24 subjects (Mean±SD; age: 24.9±3.0 y; height: 174.8±7.1 cm; and weight: 72.2±7.9 kg) were randomly divided into training and control groups.After determining Maximal strength (1-RM), subjects in training group performed a training protocol encompassed 12 weeks of progressive resistance training (3 sessions per week, 3 sets of 10 repetitions at an intensity corresponding to 55-75% 1-RM), whereas subjects in control group had no regular physical activity. Two blood samples were taken before and 48h after training. Comparisons of data between two groups showed no significant difference between changes in visfatin levels (P>O.05). Changes in insulin and IR were significantly different between two groups (P<O.05). However, interlukin-6 and growth hormone in both groups changed non-significantly in response to training (P>O.05). Based on the findings of present study resistance training, in spite of reductions in insulin and IR, does not cause any significant changes in visfatin, interlukin-6 and growth hormone in healthy male individuals.

Shoulder, elbow, wrist and finger pain is common and persistent problem among wheelchair transfers. The shoulder as most common site of pain has been reported in paraplegia (31 to 73%). The purpose of this research was to study the pain, strength and shoulder pathology and also the relationship between variables in wheelchair basketball elite players and nonathletic wheelchair users. 25 elite players basketball wheelchair (age 37.20±5.72 yr) and 25 nonathletic wheelchair users (age 36.58±4.35 yr) participated in this study. Demographic information, sport activity level, disability and medical records were collected by questionnaire, interviews and medical files. Then shoulder pain by wheelchair users pain index (r=0.99) and muscle strength by handheld dynamometer were assessed. Continued rotator cuff impingement syndrome by Neer test, anterior instability by Load & Shift test and biceps tendonitis by Speeds test were evaluated. Correlation coefficient and independent t test were used to analyze data (P£0.05). The results showed 82% of subjects reported experiencing shoulder pain since wheelchair use and 70% reported current shoulder pain. However significant relationship between external and internal rotation strength, shoulder adduction and abduction strength with shoulder pain are observed (P£0.05). Also, results showed 63% rotator cuff impingement syndrome, 43% biceps tendonitis and 29% anterior instability in two groups. A significant relationship was reported between shoulder external and internal rotation, adduction and abduction strength with rotator cuff impingement syndrome (P£0.05).There is also significant relationship between shoulder external and internal rotation and abduction strength with biceps tendonitis. Also, significant difference was found between shoulder external and internal rotation, adduction, abduction and flexion strength in athletic compared tonorr-athletic (P£0.05).So, with respect to the high prevalence in shoulder pain in most wheelchair users, suggest to coaches to do strength program of shoulder and also takea physical rotation test for preventing any injuries and facilitating of rehabilitation process.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of two resistance training protocols, double pyramid and flat pyramid loading order, on aerobic and anaerobic power in young soccer players. Therefore, 45 young soccer players from Syrian League were divided randomly into three control (age: 17.76±O.6 years, weight: 71.9±4 kg, height: 176.2±5 cm, and V02max: 40.7±1.4 ml/kg. min), double pyramid (age: 17.46±0.63years, weight: 71.9±6 kg, height: 176.1±6.7 cm, V02max: 41.2±2 ml/kg/min), and flat pyramid (age: 18.16±0.83 years, weight: 73.8±7.3 kg, height: 176.1±5.8 cm, V02max: 42.3±3.6 ml/kg. min) resistance training groups. The resistance training groups participated 3 times/wk for 8 weeks in resistance training sessions in addition to daily common soccer training sessions. Before and after 8 week training aerobic power, anaerobic power, and peak muscle power output were measured using Balk, Rast and Countermovement Vertical Jump tests respectively. Results show that V02max was improved after training in all groups (P<0.05), but there were no observed significant differences between groups. Anaerobic power, and peak muscle power output (lactic and alectic anaerobic power) were increased in both resistance training protocols. However, the increases of anaerobic power change in flat training group 31.66% and 17.05% was significantly higher than in double pyramid and control groups respectively (P<0.05). It can be concluded that both resistance training protocols have no advantage on ordinary soccer training protocol to improve aerobic power but, regardless to the order of loading, resistance training protocols were more effective than it to improve anaerobic power. However, resistance training protocol with flat pyramid loading was effective than with double pyramid loading and common training in soccer. These results justify the application of flat pyramid loading for the purpose of development of anaerobic power performance in young soccer players.

Efficiency of respiratory system as a major factor of physical fitness is related to public health and has an important role in prevention of respiratory disorders. This research has been carried out to evaluate the effects of 12 weeks endurance, resistance and concurrent training on respiratory capacity and volumes in non-active male students. 36 non-active students were selected and randomly divided in four groups (9 participants in each), including endurance (age: 24.40±3.40, height: 175.60±7.58, weight: 79.63±9.77), resistance (age: 22.77±2.58, height: 173.55±4.90, weight: 66.97±9.03), concurrent (age: 22.80±3.19, height: 177.00±4.64, weight: 82.47±13.3), and control (age: 24.71±1.70, height: 170.00±5.29, weight: 62.02±11.44) groups. Endurance group ran on treadmill in 3 sessions for 45 to 60 minutes per week at 50 to 60 percent of maximum heart rate. Resistance group did the same training in 3 sessions per week for 40 to 50 minutes at 50 to 60 percent of the maximum heart beat in 3 sets with 10 repetitions at 50 to 60 percent of 1RM, and concurrent group did a combination of two mentioned training. The participants of this group had a 12 week training program, 3 80 to 90 minute sessions per week. In every session, first they did the Endurance group program and following a 10 minute break did the program of the Resistance group. Furthermore, Control group participants were not allowed to take part in ay regular athletic program.To evaluate the respiratory capacity and volumes (FVC, FEVI, PIF, FEVIIFVC, TV, MVV, PEF, ERV, and IRV) in training groups before and after the training program, Quack PFT spirometer was used. To determine internal group differences as well as the differences between the groups, data were analyzed through paired t test, ANOVA and tukey test respectively. Research Findings: Data analysis revealed that after conducting the training program for 12 weeks, endurance, resistance and concurrent groups could enhance some respiratory characteristic significantly (P<0.05). Furthermore, ANOVA test showed that there was a significant difference between endurance, resistance, and concurrent groups regarding FEV1, FEV1/FVC, ERV, MVV (P<0.05). These differences were not significant in FVC, PEF, PIF, IRV, TV variables (P>0.05).Conclusion: Results revealed that adding resistance training to endurance training could improve some respiratory indices. Those in concurrent group benefitted from physiological aspects of both training programs.