OLYMPIC
Year:2007 | Volume:15 | Issue:2 (SERIAL 38)|Papers Count:20

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of short term L-glutamine supplementation on salivary immunoglobulin A in active boys after one bout of exhaustive exertion. 24 active boys (age 18.77±1.2 yr, body mass 57.42±4.5 kg, peak whole body oxygen uptake 42.96±2.31 ml.kg-1 .min-1) were randomly assigned in a double-blind fashion to either a glutamine treatment group or a placebo group. Subjects performed Bruce maximal test to exhaustion for 2 separate days and with 4 days interval. L-Glutamine supplement mixed with sugar- free lemonade (0.1 g/kg) or placebo (only sugar- free lemonade) given during interval between tests. Unstimulated salivary samples collected at 7 min after performing Bruce maximal test for evaluating of salivary IgA concentration and secretory IgA (S-IgA). After statistical analysis (P<0.05) was showed that significant effect of short term L-glutamine supplementation on levels of salivary IgA concentration and also S-IgA but had no effect on between groups levels of this factors. This study does not support that decrease in plasma glutamine after an bout of exhaustive exertion is related to immune impairment.

Few studies about interaction effects of antioxidant supplementation and aerobic training showed different results. So, this study designed to investigate the interaction effects of vitamin E and aerobic training (55- 75% HRR) on some of the oxidative stress indexes. For this aim, 40 untrained, healthy and non-smoker male students (age=21.3±1.5 yrs, height=176±5.4cm, and weight=74.2±14 kg) divided accordingly in 4 groups: 1: vitamin E + aerobic training; 2: aerobic training+ placebo; 3: vitamin E; and4: placebo.Research design involved vitamin E (daily: 400 mg) supplementation and aerobic training by ergo meter (50- 75% HRR and three days per week) for 8 weeks, and incremental cycle ergo meter test until exhaustion. Before and after program, blood samples were collected at rest and post-exhaustive exercise. ANOVA and paired sample t-test were used for analysis of data. The results showed that vitamin E supplementation and aerobic training did not significantly difference between groups in CK and LDH at rest and post-exhaustive exercise, but blood lactate significantly changed. It can be concluded that, 8 weeks vitamin E supplementation and aerobic training did not coincide with beneficial changes in oxidative stress profile of non-athletic men, but changed their blood lactate levels. So, probably lock of interaction effects of vitamin E supplementation and aerobic training could be due to low intensity and duration of program and vitamin E amount.

Motivation is a one of the important psychological traits that has considerable implications on programs whose objectives are identification and cultivation of young, skilled performers, but limited researches have been directed toward defining the competitive specific motivational profile of elite soccer players. Thus, the purpose of this survey was to describe Iranian elite male soccer players' motivational characteristics. Therefore, 61 soccer players of senior, youth U-19 and U-23 national teams who were selected purposively completed the sports attitude inventory. The data were grouped by age and primary position played and analyzed by descriptive statistic. On the basis of results, the motivation to achieve success and avoid failure of these elite players was high and low, respectively. Moreover, senior national team players and midfielders had more competitive motivation than other players.

The aim of this study was to investigate the incidence and causes of acute injuries in collegiate soccer players (age 22.7±2.5 years, weight 71.4±5.9 kg, height 177.8±5.9 cm), who participated in Universities Premier League Soccer Competitions. A questionnaire which designed by Fuller and co-workers (2006) was used. Variables such as time of injury, location of injury, causes of injury, and mechanism of injury were considered and recorded during competition. Paired t-test and Chi-square test were used for analysis of data.The results of this study showed that the number of injuries in knee, ankle, head and face area was greater than other area. Although the most of injuries occurred in the end of each half but the differences were not significant (P>0.05). There was a significant difference in injury incidence between preferred (n=23) and non-preferred leg (n=9) (t=2.70, P<0.05). Furthermore, midfield players (n=17) and defenders (n=17) had the most injuries and 35.3 percent of these injuries were re-injury. Incidence of contact injuries (n=42) was significantly more than non-contact injuries (n=9) (t=6.77, P<0.05).In conclusion, collegiate soccer player had more injury in lower extremities although not significant. In addition to this they had more injuries in preferred leg than non preferred leg and the highest numbers of injuries were contact injury. This information can be helpful for coaches and medical personal who designing prevention programme for soccer players.

Objective: To study the effect of resistance and endurance training on circulating adhesion molecules in overweight men.Method: 24 male subjects (age 35-48) from among the employees of University participated in our program. The subjects were randomly assigned to one of three groups: endurance training group (n=8), resistance training group (n=8), control group (n=8). Blood samples were taken in fasting state from all subjects after and before treatment. The experimental subjects received endurance and resistance training for 13 weeks. The endurance training program included continuous running with an intensity of 75-78% maximal heart rate. The resistance training was circularly performed in 11 stations. Each training session included 4 sets with 12 maximal repetitions in every station done with a 50-60% intensity of a maximum repetition. ICAM-1 and E-select in was measured with ELISA method. Data was analyzed using MANOVA test. Results: The endurance training caused a significant decrease in ICAM-1 and E-selectin (17.69% and 27.6% respectively) in experimental group in comparison to the control group. The resistance training caused a significant decrease in ICAM-1 and E-selectin (26.75% and 30.2% respectively) in experimental group ill comparison to the control group. Conclusion: Endurance and resistance training caused a decrease in circulating adhesion molecules in overweight men.

The purpose of this study has been prediction and comparison of maximum O2 pulse in athletic girls. For this reason, 28 athletic girls (basketball, handball and physical fitness) with a mean (S.D) age, weight and height of 22±1 year, 57.3±6.63 kg and 162.52±3.85 cm, respectively, participated in this research. The subjects performed 1mile track walk test, peak power output cycle ergometry test, and siconolfi step test. And then was compared with those of Jones criterion protocol. The 1 mile track walk test (14.58±1.37 ml/beat) and peak power output cycle ergometry test (14.55±1.39 ml/beat) revealed objective prediction of maximum O2 pulse, showed no significant difference with the Jones protocol (p>0.05). This result suggest that the maximum O2 pulse, as an indicator variable of cardiopulmonary efficiency, is predicted more objectively by 1 mile track walk test and peak power output ergometry test than siconolfi step test. This two exercise tests can be used for examination and prediction of maximum O2 pulse in athletic girls.

Elevated serum concentration of Homocysteine (Hcy) and Fibrinogen (Fib) have been identified as an Novel Coronary Artery Diseases (CAD) risk factors. Correlated associations between physical activity ratings and established this risk factors have occasionally, but not consistently, been demonstrated. The aim of this Cross-sectional study was to determine and compare of correlated association between physical activity and concentration of serum Fib and Hcy in selected groups of men (40-55 years). This applied and analytical study was designed in three groups of subjects who were voluntarily participated, was based on NHIS and PA-R questionnaire; one as active men [age: 47.86±5.33 (years),BMI:27.96±2.26 (kg/m2), nA= 15] and the second as sedentary men [age:43.53±4.34 (years), BMI: 26.26±2.96 (kg/m2), ns= 15), and the other as men with CAD [age: 48.13±5.85 (years), BMI: 26.44±2.34 (kg/m2), ne = 15]. Estimated VO2 max (Active: 39. 039±2.563, sedentary: 32.647±3.056 and CAD: 30.378±4.275 mL. kg-1.min-1) as an physical activity rating index (independent and/or predictor variable) estimated was based on nonexercise prediction equations for VO2 max was developed by researchers at the university of Houston; using age, physical activity status and body mass index. Dependent and/or criterion variables included fasting serum concentration of Fib (Active: 287.866±51.568, Sedentary: 299.800±49.215 and CAD: 307.200±63.804 mg/dL) and Hcy (Active: 11.733±2.625, Sedentary: 12.400±3.869 and CAD: 11.966±5.111 mmol/L). Serum Hcy and Fib analysis with Enzyme Immunoassay and chronometric methods respectively; using biomerio full automated immunoanalyser. Data analysis with ANOVA (P£0.05) demonstrated that physical activity has not any desirable effect on Hcy (P = 0.898) and Fib (P = 0.630), and Pearson correlation equations association between estimated VO2 max and this variables in two groups is not significant.

In order to make a physical fitness profile for senior Iranian free style wrestlers, 73 wrestlers (aged 24.4±2.6 years, body weight 79.9±18.4kg) who were invited to the national training camps over the one year were tested in body composition (3-sites skin fold, LBM, BMI), relative strength (hand grip, bench press, squat, dead lift), muscle endurance (sit-ups, push - ups, pull- ups), VO2 max (Bruce test), speed (36m running), agility (4x 9 m running), flexibility (sit and reach, trunk extension, shoulder flexibility), reaction time (bilateral), alactic anaerobic power (ergo jump 15s, arm Wingate 8s, leg Wingate 8s), lactic anaerobic power (ergo Jump 30s). Major results (mean+SD) areas follows: BF%=11.5±3.5, LMB= 70.4±15.5 kg, BMI = 36.8±6.3 Kg/m2, hand grip=0.92±0.12 WIN, bench press=1.45±0.21 W/kg, squat = 1.83±0.21 W/kg, dead lift = 1.87±0.24 W/kg, sit-ups = 70.9±7.9 n/min, push-ups=35.9±10.9n,VO2 max=50.6±5.7ml.kg-1 .min-I, 36m running = 5.1±0.25 s, 4x9 m running= 8.43±0.38s, sit and reach = 41±4.9 cm, trunk extension= 0.61±0.12 cm/cm, shoulder flexibility = 0.55±0.16 cm/cm, bilateral = 391.7±60.2 ms, ergo jump 15s = 49±6.4W.kg-1, arm Wingate 8s = 375.6±98.9w, leg Wingate 8s = 496.1±101.1w, ergo jump 30s = 43.9±6.7 w. Kg-1. After data gathering, descriptive statistics were used for providing a profile for a above - mentioned tests by SPSS and EXCEL.

The aim of the present research was the comparison of scoring by defensive and offensive tactics and techniques, and also studying the importance of defense and the role of service points in world-class table tennis. The collected data for this research is related to 122 table tennis players who participated in the 2004 Olympic games. This data was collected through information that was given to Iran's table tennis representatives. Based on this, the points gained using different tactics and techniques and also the total points gained by male and female athletes were studied and compared. Results show that 34% of points were gained through offensive techniques and tactics (after 3 shots were played), 33% through defense and counterattacking, 25% through the third shots and serving, 8% through other shots. The study showed that the points gained while serving and receiving the serve where 54% of the total points. The same results were achieved for the top 4 players. Also there was significantly in defensive tactics of top 4 players of men than women (P<0.05). No significant differences were found in other items between women and men groups (P>0.05). Based on these statistics, coaches and players should strongly consider the defensive tactics and serving techniques along with the effective offensive tactics in order to reach world-class success.

The objective of the research was the assessment of the bioenergetics characteristics and biomotor abilities of the teenage (age: 15-17 years) non-athletic girls in different stages of the menstrual cycle. For this purpose using a researcher-made questioner 23 girls of secondary school were selected as the experimental cases. Bioenergetics characteristics and biomotor abilities as well as the body mass of the subjects during the triple phases of the menstrual (days: 1 to 4), follicular (days: 5 to 14) and luteal (days: 20-28) phases were assessed. For the assessment of bioenergetics characteristics and biomotor abilities, the VO2max anaerobic power, speed, agility, muscular strength, endurance, and flexibility were measured by conventional methods respectively. The ANOVA test was used to data analyzing. The results showed that the different stages of menstrual period had no significant effect on the bioenergetics characteristics and biomotor abilities as well as the bodymass of the nonathletic teenage girls. As a result, different stages of menstrual period do not have any effect on the anaerobic and aerobic power of the teenage non-athletic girls.