OLYMPIC
Year:2007 | Volume:15 | Issue:3 (SERIAL 39)|Papers Count:18

Studying attitudes is one of the main approaches to exercise psychology in the affective domain. Attitudes are well connected to the development of physical education as well as to talent identification. Therefore, it is necessary to introduce the Farsi version of the "Children's Attitude towards Physical Activity" inventory and to verify its psychometric characteristics. After completing the translation processes, this test was carried out on 610 students, girls and boys (age: 10-18 yr) who participated in National Students' Olympiad in 2005. Primary components analysis, Varimax rotations, Cranach's alpha, test-retest correlation, and most descriptive statistics indices were used to determine validity, simple structure, reliability, and norms. The psychometric characteristic obtained indicated the appropriateness of the Farsi translation of the "Children's Attitude toward Physical Activity".

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of isotonic strength training on Electronorography (ENG) parameters in athletes. Thirty male college athletes (aged=22.33±1.26 years, height=175.80±6.31 cm, and weight=74.03±5.41 kg ) without history injuries of knee, ankle joint, gastrocnemius (GAS) muscle and other tendons and muscles involved in plantar flexion movement participated in this study. The subjects were randomly assigned to equal two groups: experimental (strength weight training) and control. Then the ENG parameters (Nerve Conduction Velocity (NCV), amplitude, latency time of M wave) and Maximal Voluntary Contraction (MVC) from the dominant leg of the subject were measured in pre-test. The experimental group performed calf raise movement 3 sessions per week for 8 weeks. During this period, the control group did not perform any specific type of regular exercise. At the end of this training period all parameters were measured again. t-student test was used for statistical analysis in significant level of p £0.05. The results indicated a significant increase in amplitude of M wave, MVC, NCV and a significant decrease in latency time of M wave in training groups but no significant change in these factors in control group. It was concluded that neural adaptation include nerve conduction velocity, increase of motor unit recruitment, firing rate and firing duration does occur in trained athletes when a new training stimulus is implemented.

The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of three bouts of 90 minutes high intensity intermittent exercise (specific for soccer) in a week along with carbohydrate supplementation on variations of specific biochemical markers of myocardial muscle ( cTnI, CK-MB ) in soccer players. 12 elite soccer players were selected and divided in three groups of carbohydrate, placebo and control, respectively. They were studied in 12 day time course. For evaluation of the biochemical responses blood samples were taken in 6 phases (3 phases in resting state and 3 phases immediately after exercise) and were analyzed in laboratory with Chemiluminescence's method. Results show that three bouts of 90 minutes high intensity intermittent exercise along with carbohydrate supplementation not induce significant difference in cTnI indices in resting or post exercise. However, there was significant difference in CK-MB values after second session (p=0.038) and third session (p=0.025) than values at first day. Comparison of three groups in different phases show that there were significant difference between carbohydrate and placebo after first session (p=0.009) and second session (p=0.042). It is concluded that since there is not consistent results even after ultramarathon events, it not appear exercises with lesser duration and intensity like soccer even with three sessions in a week be effective on the markers. When overall intensity of exercise is moderate it appear that carbohydrate supplementation have less effective on alteration of biochemical markers of myocardial muscle.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of short term creatine supplementation on blood lactate after an intermittent exercise protocol. Twenty trained Taekwondo players (weight: 67.87±7.935 kg, age: 22.75±3.72 years) were randomly assigned in a double blind design to either a creatine treatment (CT, n==10) group or a placebo (PL, n=10) group. The CT group ingested 5 g of creatine four times a day for six days. The PL. group followed the same supplementation schedule but was given a glucose placebo. To calculate lactate accumulation, before and after the supplementation, blood was taken immediately after ten 6 seconds maximum intermittent cycling exercise with 30 seconds recovery interval between sets. Maximum cycling velocity was continuously recorded during each set. The average of the ten recorded maximum cycling velocities was calculated. RESULTS: T-test used to detect differences between pre- and post-creatine supplementation and differences between two groups showed that Blood lactate levels were not affected by creatine supplementation. However, the average of maximum cycling velocity obtained from post-test (174.12±8.51 revolution per min) was significantly (p=0.00) higher than pre-test (163.02±8.82 revolution per min) for creatine group. No significant change in maximum cycling velocity average of placebo group was observed between pre-test and post-test. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that short-term creatine supplementation does not influence blood lactate but leads to significant increase in maximum cycling velocity average for short duration repetitive sprint performance.

Background: Comparison of psychological characteristics between athletes and non-athletes to find a possible personality profile for athletes has been one of the main goals of psychological studies in sport. Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the difference between martial arts athletes and non-athletes regarding aggression. Method: This study was conducted with causal comparative method. Data were collected from 74 martial arts athletes from four sport modalties (Taekwondo, Karate, Judo and Wushu) and 74 non-athletes between 28 July and 22 September 2006. The BPAS (Buss and Perry Aggression Scale) was used to evaluate aggression. Results: Significant difference were found between athletes and non-athletes regarding aggression, in general, and regarding components of aggression: physical aggression and anger, specially. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that the aggression. and control variable explained for %19.0 of the variance in sport participation. Discussion: Despite claim of catharsis theory, the present study showed that participation in sports activities exclusively can not applied as acceptable instrument for discharging of physical energy in our society but sports participation in Iranian culture probably have ethical implications.

The purpose of this study was to investigate acute phase response to single and repeated bouts of concurrent endurance and resistance exercises in a day. eight physical education student (age 21±1.51 years, 74.25±8.85 kg in weight, and 178.2±5.57 cm in height) volunteered to participate in present study. In a periodized design, subjects compeleted 3 experimental trials during 8 days. Trial one, control day; trial two, performing concurrent endurance (cycling for 45 min at 60% Vo2max) and resistance (6 exercise in 3 sets and 8 repetition with 80% 1RM for 45 min) exercises in the afternoon and trial three, performing 2 bouts of concurrent exercises in the morning and afternoon. Blood samples were taken at immediately and 3 hours after exercises while the subjects. Were overnight fast (at least 12h) and acute phase response variables (CRP, IL-6 and cortisol) were measured. Data were analyzed by using paired t test and analysis of variance with repeated measures. The differences were considered significant at P£0/05. The findings showed: Significant changes were not found in hs-CRP, IL-6 and cortisol after single and repeated bouts of selected exercises in a day and there were no significant differences in above variables between single and repeated bouts in a day. In conclusions, exercise protocols of this study didn't have significant effects on a acute phase response.

The Purpose of this research was to determine Sources of Sport Confidence Predictable on Female Gymnasts Performance Level. Statistical population involved participants in artistic gymnastic during student's sport olympiad that were in elementary (n=44), secondary (n=39) and High school (n=30). Because of limitation of total participants, the statistical sample was the same statistical population. The data collected with source of sport confidence questionnaire and refrees judgment on gymnasts performance level. The reliability coefficients of this questionnaire was r=0.91 in all of school levels that based on cronbach's alpha. Research method was functional and descriptive correlation. Research data analyzed multiple step by step regressions. Source of situational favourableness predicted significant in all of school levels, but social support predicted in elementary school and physical self presentation and coache's leadership predicted in elementary school. Generally, these research results supported the conceptualization model of sport confidence by Vealey and et al (1998).

This study was aimed to investigate psychometric properties of the Sport Stress Coping Styles Scale including internal consistency, test-retest reliability, content validity, concurrent validity, and predictive validity in a sample of volunteer athletes. One hundred and forty-four athletes (103 males, 41 females) were included in this study. All participants were asked to complete the Sport Stress Coping Styles Scale (SSCSS) and the Mental Health Inventory (MHI). The athletes' coaches were asked to rate the Sport Achievement Scale (SAS) in order to measure students' sport achievement. Test-retest reliability and internal consistency of the SSCSS were examined at satisfactory levels. Content validity, concurrent validity, and predictive validity of the SSCSS were calculated according to correlation coefficients between the scores on the SSCSS subscales and scores of psychological well-being, psychological distress, and sport achievement. All correlations were statistically significant. It can be concluded that the SSCSS is a valid instrument for measuring the way athletes cope with sport stress.

The minimal running velocity at which the maximal oxygen uptake is elicited during an incremental test to exhaustion (vVO2 max) has been used to prescribe training for competitive middle and long-distance runners. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between velocity lactate turn point (vLTP) and vVo2 max in long-distance runners. For this reason 11 High- trained endurance runners were selected randomly from national team. The average of age, height and weight of the subjects were 24.36+1.1 years, 173.36±2.10 cm and 63.25+21 kg respectively. The first test was used to determine vVo2 max and Vo2 max (A continues run to exhaustion with the start velocity at 10 km/h-1 and the velocity increased 1 km/h-1 per minute). The second test was used to determine vLTP (start velocity was 10 km/h-l and velocity increased 1 km/h-1 per 4 minutes to reach lactate concentration over 5mmol). The average of V02max and vVo2 max of subjects was 58.54±2.8 ml. kg/min-1 19±0/29 km/h-1 respectively. The Pearson’s coefficient correlation and spss 12 software were used for analyzing data. The result showed that there is a positive moderate correlation between vLTP and vVO2 max (p=0.037, r=0.63). The study showed that vLTP may influence vVo2 max and it can help athletes to delay their lactate accumulation in higher velocity then they can have a higher v VO2 max. In the other hand, coaches can design the training in vVo2 max intensity to make a higher vLTP.