OLYMPIC
Year:2011 | Volume:19 | Issue:2 (SERIAL 54)|Papers Count:17

As a leading industry in most countries of the world, sport tourism is developing and growing with a predictable space equal to 10 percent in a year. With regard to many capabilities and capacities concerning the attraction of sport tourist to Iran and various sport, economic, social, bioecological and political advantages for the country, the necessity for paying attention to different management issues, marketing and investment in order to develop this modern industry in our country seems necessary and important. Thus, the aim of this research is to study the favorable and present status of sport tourism nationwide for planners and managers. The research method is descriptive of surveying type. Statistical sample of this research includes a group of experts and universities professors as well as high ranking managers into tourism and sports fields in the capital of Iran who had sufficient information and familiarity with sport tourism. While referring to the subjects in person, it was determined that a number of 116 people were able to participate in the research project and finally a number of 101 questioners were gathered after continuous follow-up and the data were studied. The questionnaire was designed to be researcher made and bilateral (favorable and present status) which were used after the verification of content and construct validity (in the present status section KMO=0.91 and in the favorable status KMO=0.89) and reliability (in the present) status and in the favorable status). Based on the results obtained the eight components of sport tourism development, management and coordination, legal and political supports, marketing, infrastructures and facilities, recognizing capabilities and capacities, research, culture making and motivation and training of human resources, in the present and favorable status compared and prioritized and also it was demonstrated that there is a significant difference between the favorable and present status components and the eight components of national sport tourism. It was specified that between the subjects’ points of view and the various majors in physical education, tourism and management and also between the tourism and sports experts’ viewpoints, high ranking managers in the tourism organization and high ranking officials in the sports organizations. Regarding the importance of eight components in the development of sport tourism development, there is not a significant difference. Therefore, in sport tourism accomplishing development and taking advantage of various benefits while achieving the favorable status in the world, without proper management and planning is not possible. It seems that the management in this respect requires prerequisites such as understanding the importance of this industry by the people and authorities, recognizing capabilities and capacities, infrastructure development as well as the presence of expert human resources and performing further research.

This study concerns the effects of one session moderate and heavy resistance exercise on neuropeptide Y, glycerol, glucose, and lactate of the serum in healthy men. To achieve this goal crossover research design was used. The studied population consists of 13 male volunteers (Mean SD 37.4±1.6 years, BMI 26.440.88 kg/m2, body fat percent 22.46±1.39, VO2max 27.15±3.97 ml/kg-1/min-1) among the staff of the university in three states as follows: control state, moderate resistance exercise state (70-75% of 1 RM) and heavy resistance exercise state (80-85% of 1RM) which includes eight movements arranged in three sets with 10 repetitions. The samples’ diet was the same during the exercise and the day before the exercises. Blood samples were collected 4 times as follows: before the exercise, immediately after the exercise, 3 hours after it and 9 hours after the exercise protocol. After adjusting the results relative to plasma volume changes, it was indicated that moderate and heavy resistance exercise cause no significant changes in neuropeptide Y concentration and glycerol level of the serum. it was only demonstrated that nine hours after heavy resistance exercise, glucose level of the serum is increased less than control state; Also in comparison with the control state, lactate level of the serum is increased immediately after the resistance exercise and three hours after it. Finally, the results of the study indicate that one session resistance exercise with moderate and heavy intensity has no significant effect on the neuropeptide Y concentrations due to imbalance in significant negative energy.

Present study was performed to investigate the effect of attentional focus of precues on reaction time (RT). Therefore, 24 students (age range=18-24 y) participated in a within subjects design and performed 3 precue conditions with internal, external and non-attentional focus by parameter precuing apparatus. The task was isometric force production immediately after appearing target. The participants repeated each condition 30 times with random order. RT was analyzed by 3 *30 ANOVA with repeated measures. According to results, RT of the internal focus precue condition was significantly less than other conditions (p<0.01). These findings question the generalization of the beneficial effect of an external focus on performance.

The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of two and four sets resistance training on strength and hypertrophy gains in untrained men. Twenty young men were randomly assigned to four sets in leg exercise and two sets in upper body exercise (n=10), and two sets in leg exercise and four sets in upper body exercise (n=10). Subjects trained three days per week for twelve weeks and each workout consisted of three leg exercises and five upper body exercises. One repetition maximum (1RM) was tested in leg press, bench press, biceps curl and leg extension before and after six and twelve weeks of training. Also, Volume of thigh, arm and chest measured before and after six and twelve weeks of training. Statistical tests of independent t, ANOVA and post hoc bonferroni were used for data analysis. The increase in 1RM upper body and lower body exercise from week 0 to twelve wasn’t significant between groups (P>0.05). Thigh volume in the four leg-two upper group increased more than in two leg-four upper group (P<0.05), while there was no significant difference between groups in upper muscle volume (P>0.05). It could be concluded that strength gains of four sets strength training aren’t superior to two sets strength training.

The induction of exercise-induced oxidative stress in actively involved in exercise organs could result in cell injuries. The studies have previously demonstrated Metallothionein (MT) exerts a protective effect in the cell such as; kidney, liver and skeletal muscle against oxidative stress and apoptosis, but its effects on heart are not well known. In this study, we examined the influence of regular training and exhaustive protocols on MT and lipid peroxidation (measured with MDA) in forty-eight of the healthy male rats. The rats performed the progressive running exercise of 15 to 22 m/min for 25 to 64 min, 5 times a week for 8 weeks and or the ramp exhaustive protocols of 20 to 30 m/min. The MT2 was examined by radioimmunoassay method and the level of lipid peroxidation was assayed by thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) method in heart tissue homogenates. The MT2 and MDA levels were significantly increased after acute exercise, while after regular training they remained unchanged as compared to age-matched controls and trained rats. However, it result in decrease the MT2 and MDA levels in response to exhaustive protocol with equal load. Results obtained in this study demonstrate for the first time that MT2 is induced by stress and regular training could to cause heart cells injury via decrease in stress.

By using bibliographic records from the ISI databases, this paper tried to give a complete view of scientific productions of Iran in sport sciences. The time period considered in this study was 1980- 2009. The study was conducted through scientometrics and the research population of Iranian sciences paper in ISI data based. Findings revealed that out of 72,056 articles written by Iranian authors during 1980- 2009, a total of 128 articles (0.002) were in the field of sport sciences. Some of these articles were the fruit of collaborative works and some of them are non-collaborative ones. Iranian authors of sport sciences had many collaborative articles with their counterparts in Canada. University of Tehran Medical Science with 18 records (14.16%) and Tarbiat Moallem University with 15 records (11.71%) were the most productive institution in the field of sport science. Generally, scientific productions in the field of scientometrics showed a significant increase from 2007 onwards. It should be noted that among the all journals examined, British Journal Of Sports Medicine published the 12.50% of the total sport sciences articles of Iranians. Finally, article entitled “Symmetry and limb dominance in able-bodied gait: a review” containing 87 citations was the most influential article in the field of sport sciences.

The purpose of this research was to investigate the relation between organizational justice and job stress among National Olympic and Paralympic Academy (NOPA) employees. Statistical society of this research was include the total employees of NOPA and that statistical sample was equal to statistical society (n=59). Used devices for research performing were questionnaire of organizational justice from Rego & Cunha (46) and questionnaire of job stress (JSQ) that distributed among the population of research after confirm of validity and reliability. Data analysis, were performed by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Pearson correlation coefficient, Linear regression, Leven and the one way ANOVA. The results indicated that, there was negative significant relationship between organizational justice and job stress, although the relation between five factors of organizational justice and job stress were negative but only the relationships of three factors (distributive of rewards, procedural, interpersonal) with job stress were significant. The Study of demographic traits showed that there was not significant relationship between age of employees with organizational justice and job stress, but record of work had negative significant relationship with organizational justice and job stress. Also there weren’t significant differences between perceived organizational justice and job stress between male and female, single and married and employees with different educational levels. At last according to result of research, suggested to National Olympic Committee (NOC) to revise in recruitment status of academy’s employees.

The purpose of this study was comparing the Iranian academic different period’s students’ perceptions of physical education and school sport. So, 1275 students were selected as subjects with simple random and multi-stage sampling (primary: 500, guidance: 425, high school: 350). The method which applied in this research was Causal- Comparative. Iranian students’ perceptions of physical education and school sport collected by the questionnaire which used by Bailey & Dismore in 2004.The reliability and validity of questionnaire had measured (a=0.77). Chi-Square test was used for analyses of data. Results showed that academic periods, as an independent variable, made differences and propinquities in the Iranian students’ perceptions of physical education and school sport.

The aim of this study was to determine the validity and reliability of the Persian version of the Vividness of the Movement Imagery Questionnaire 2 (VMIQ-2). In the first phase validity and reliability and in the second phase concurrent validity VMIQ-2 questionnaire by a revised version of Persian movement imagery questionnaire was evaluated. For the first phase of this study, 125 male and 96 female athletes of different levels of competition and also in the second phase, 20 male and 30 female athletes from the two levels of competitive and non-competitive sports were studied. For analysis of the main component, factor analysis and to approve the structure of the questionnaire Varimax rotation was used. The Kronbakh Alpha was applied for measuring the reliability between subscales and the Pearson correlation was used for determining the relationship between subscales, structure determination of validity and also to determine the validity of two simultaneous questionnaires MIQ-R and VMIQ-2. The results of this study showed that about 47 percent of the questions related to the variance vividness of movement imagery questionnaire were covered. Values of alpha coefficients for subscales of visual external and internal imagery, kinesthetic imagery and total scale, was r=0.86, r=0.89, r=0.91 and r=0.95, respectively, which suggests the existence of a high reliability in the subscales and overall scale vividness of movement imagery. Regarding validity, the results showed that this questionnaire has concurrent validity (-0.70) and acceptable convergent validity of the construction between its subscales (P<0.001). It can be concluded that the Persian version of VMIQ-2 has the suitable validity and reliability.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of obesity and exercise intensity on serum adiponectin response and some biochemical index in young women. Thirty women with weigh 59.7±3.35 Kg and 30 women with weigh 84.7±3.35 Kg as normal weight and obese groups, respectively and randomly divided in three subgroups (each involve 10 women) include: low intensity, moderate intensity and high intensity exercise groups. The protocol was progressive running up to exhaustion on treadmill in low intensity, moderate intensity and high intensity exercise at 55-65%, 65-75%, 75-85%, of Vo2max, respectively. Blood samples were obtained before and 30 minute after training in same conditions. Adiponectin, insulin and blood lipids were measured using standard methods. Data were analyzed with two-way ANOVA in level P£0.05. Results showed that significant difference observed in Adiponectin, LDL-C and insulin between obese women and normal weight women and also between running intensity with low and high intensity. Also, significant difference observed in TG and LDL-C between obese women and normal weight women and also between running intensity with low and high intensity. But, no significant interaction between groups and intensity was found in other groups. This research show that increase in training intensity and decrease in duration made little change in serum addiponectin in obese women and normal weight youth women.

The purpose of this study was to compare the styles of coping with stress among elite athletes in national Iranian individual sports and also women and men athletes in different age groups. All 340 athletes in 23 sport fields in National Iranian team’s camp were selected that 276 persons (81 percent statistical populations) completed the questionnaire and returned to the researcher. The instrument of the study was a standard questionnaire (cope-revised) which is used for measuring the coping styles with stress in elite athletes. This questionnaire included 40 questions in Likert’s 4 value measurement (never=1 to always=4), and statistical tests of Friedman, Wilcoxon, Mann- Whitney U and Kruscal Wallis were used in significant level of p£0.05 to analyzing the data. The results indicated that athletes used accommodation cope, approach, self-punishment, self-help and avoidance styles, in order. Although, the athletes older than 30 years old used the approach and self-punishment coping styles more than other styles, there was no significant difference between athletes according to their experience. Generally, the problem-focused style was more prevalent than emotion-focus style among all athletes. Also, the men athletes used emotion-focused style more than women athletes.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to compare the levels of achievement of TV sport program “90” toward its objectives from soccer experts’, managers and referees’ view points.Method: The researcher- made questionnaire included 41 questions and a panel of experts (n=5) studied the survey for content validity of the instrument in order to rate the degree of importance of each item and the general perception of 5 objectives of “90” TV Program. Finally, the 39–item survey was administered to test–retest reliability (n=18) and their reliabilities were estimated (R=0.88).From 116 referees from soccer experts’, managers and referees who attended in the super-league soccer teams, 72 individuals (62%) respond to questionnaire on a 5-point Likert scale (from very low to very high grade 1 to 5), which was used to measure 5 major objectives of professionalizing soccer; cultural zing soccer; supervising super league; awareness enhancing of soccer spectators; and amusing the spectators. Data were analyzed by Wilcukson and U Mann Whitney tests at significant level of P£0.05Result: The findings indicated that from the subjects’ points of view the “90” TV program achieved the following objectives in order: amusement objective, enhancing the awareness of the spectator’s objective; supervising super-league program objective; professionalizing soccer objective; and finally cultural objective. The priority of amusement objective also had significant difference with all other objectives. Regarding other objectives also only the difference of priority of enhancing the awareness of spectators objective in TV program of “90” were in order significant, comparing to the priority of cultural zing and professionalizing objectives.Conclusion: It seems that the other objectives of the program should be taken more into account.