Tehran University Medical Journal
Year:2017 | Volume:75 | Issue:1|Papers Count:13

Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in women worldwide. Enormous advancement has been made over the last decades in understanding the biology of breast cancer. Nevertheless, the molecular mechanisms regulating progression, gaining of invasive and metastatic phenotypes, and therapeutic resistance are still not completely understood.Oxidative stress initiate by disbalance in redox status of body. In this case, increase of free radicals in body cause tissue damage. One of the significant species of free radicals is reactive oxygen species (ROS) that produced by various metabolic pathways, comprising aerobic metabolism in the mitochondrial respiratory chain. They play a serious role in cellular physiology and pathophysiology likewise beginning and evolution of numerous types of cancers. ROS overproduction is deleterious to cells, and considered key-factors for the development of numerous diseases, such as cardiovascular disorders, neurodegenerative diseases, and cancer. Cancer cells are commonly submitted to upper ROS levels that further incite malignant phenotype through motivation to preserved proliferation, angiogenesis, death evasion, invasiveness, and metastasis. ROS impress various signaling pathways, comprising mitogenic pathways and growth factors, and also controls numerous cellular processes, containing cell proliferation, thus stimulates the undisciplined growth of cells which inspires the development of tumors and initiates the progression of carcinogenesis. The importance of ROS on breast cancer development and etiology is being increasingly clarified.Nevertheless, fewer consideration has been given to the progress of redox system-targeted strategies for breast cancer treatment. Augmented oxidative stress caused by reactive species can diminish the body’s antioxidant defense against angiogenesis and metastasis in cancer cells. These processes are core factors in the development of cancer. Bimolecular reactions cause free radicals which create such compounds as malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydroxyguanosine.These substances known as indicators of cancer. In this review, free radicals as oxidizing agents, antioxidants as the immune system, and the role of oxidative stress in cancer, particularly breast cancer, have been investigated by hope that better exploration of the factors involved in the occurrence and spread of cancer will improve the identification of treatment aims.

Background: As far as the role and amount of Transferrin receptor 2 (TFR2), which is the transferrin receptor gene, studies have been conducted, some of which confirming its relationship with gastric adenocarcinoma. The idea behind this study was to examine changes in theTFR2 gene expression in the tumor cells of gastric adenocarcinoma and comparing with gene expression in the normal tissue adjoining the tumor.Methods: This case-control study was conducted at the Pathology Section of Cancer Institute of Imam Khomeini University Hospital in Tehran from September 2015 to September 2016. In this study, 30 fresh samples from tumor tissues of patients diagnosed with gastric adenocarcinoma, 30 fresh samples of normal tissue adjoining the tumor and 30 samples of frozen plasma from the same patients were taken. The patients' plasma was examined in terms of existence of helicobacter pylori antibody by enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) method and TFR2 gene expression in the tumor tissue and the adjoining normal tissue by applying real-time polymerase chain reaction (Real-Time PCR).Results: Gene expression (by applying real time polymerase chain reaction) in the tumor tissue was meaningfully higher than in the normal tissue (P=0.125). The TFR2 expression in patients with stomach cancer, who were at the same time infected with helicobacter pylori, indicated that the gene expression had increased in those with this contamination (P=0.077). Examining the relationship between this gene expression and the stage of disease showed that the TFR2 gene expression increased significantly in the more advanced stages of the disease (P=0.396).Conclusion: The TFR2 gene expression increases in the stomach's tumor tissue. This gene expression is higher in people infected with helicobacter pylori or in those at an advanced stage of the disease. These findings may confirm the direct relationship between gene expression and the occurrence or metastasis of gastric adenocarcinoma.

Background: Cartilage grafts is one integral component in the various fields of plastic surgery particular rhinoplasty. Surgeons usually use from various sources, including the septum of the nose, ears and rib. Complications such deformity and reabsorbtion may be created with use of the cartilage. Area of the removal of cartilage can prevent these complications. The aim of this study was to compare the absorption rate and viability of cartilage autograft between two common donor site, the rib and the concha.Methods: This experimental study was performed on October 2014 in animal laboratory of Hazrat Fatima Hospital, Tehran, Iran. In this study, 15 New Zealand white male rabbits, weighing 2000-2500 g, approximately 12 to 16 weeks of age were used.In each rabbit, a piece of one ear and one cartilage was excised. After careful weighting of grafts, we implanted the rib cartilage graft into the left pocket and the conchal cartilage graft into the right one. After 8 weeks, the grafts were removed and weighed precisely and photography was carried out. The specimens were fixed in 10% formalin solution for histologic examination was. An example of hematoxylin and eosin staining and cut (H& E) were performed and samples of live chondrocytes and fibrosis were examined by a pathologist.Results: We lost 3 rabbits during our study. The results showed that the average weight of a graft from the ear within 2 months, but this increase was not statistically significant (P=0.152). In the rib graft weight loss over 2 months, and this reduction was statistically significant (P=0.009). The resorption between two group was not significant but the amount of fibrosis was more in conchal cartilage graft.Conclusion: According to the study it can be concluded that absorption rib cartilage is somewhat better results than the cartilage of the ear. More studies, in addition to cartilage implants longer human studies can contribute to more accurate conclusions.

Background: Acne vulgaris is self-limiting, multifactorial disease involving sebaceous glands. Omeprazole is a proton pump inhibitor with in vitro antibacterial effects against staphylococcus aureusand anti-androgen that can be potential treatment of acne vulgaris.This study was designed to evaluate the efficacy of oral omeprazole and erythromycin 4% compared to doxycycline combination therapy in the treatment of acne vulgaris.Methods: In this clinical trial study, patients with moderate acne were referred to Skin Diseases and Leishmaniasis Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Science, Iran, during August 2014 until November 2015 and were randomized into two groups receiving topical erythromycin 4% plus omeprazole (34 patients) or doxycycline (35 patients) for 3 months. Moderate acne, lack of sensitivity to proton pump inhibitors, lack of warfarin, phenytoin, diazepam consumption, lack of active liver or kidney disease, being older than 12 years, were considered as inclusion criteria. Pregnant or lactating patients, patients with drug allergy history, patients taking oral contraceptives, acne topical medications (including retinoids) or systemic treatment within 30 days of study, patients with oligomenorrhea, hirsutism, acne conglobata, acne fulminant or body acne alone were excluded from the study. All patients were tested for Helicobacter pylori test at the beginning of the study.Results: Both inflammatory and non-inflammatory lesions decreased in both groups with negative correlation with age (P<0.05). There was no significant correlation between positive Helicobacter pylori test and inflammatory or non-inflammatory lesion reduction (P=0.794, P=0.514). Also, patient satisfaction and rate of total drug side effects was not different between two treatment groups. Rate of skin reactions was 20.58% in omeprazole treated group and 11.42% in doxycycline group. For side effects, other than skin it was 2.94% versus 14.28% respectively.Conclusion: Omeprazole could be suggested as an alternative for doxycycline in the treatment of patients with moderate acne vulgaris especially in non-inflammatory lesions.

Background: Brain hypothermia by reducing the temperature of the cerebrospinal fluid is done by a cooling pad in the thoracic regionand protect brain from the ischemic injuries.Along with the spinal cord, the brain is an essential partner in the central nervous system, and similarly, it is surrounded and protected from the bony skull and from shock by cerebrospinal fluid. The brain analyzes information that is both internal and external to the body, transforms the information into sensations, and stores them as memories. So in this study we investigated the brain hypothermia by finite element modeling.Methods: To investigate this phenomenon, in this study a numerical model of the head with respect to the structure of brain tissue and its contribution to heat transfer is presented in the fluid lab of the Amirkabir University of Tehran in January of 2016. In this model, Pennes's bioheat equation and finite element analysis has been used to predict temperature distribution in the brain tissue. The model geometry is designed in two state without considering the ventricles of the brain that are involved in the production of cerebrospinal fluid and with considering cerebrospinal fluid. So, in the second case, the cerebrospinal flow is considered as a heat transfer factor.Results: We concluded that with cooling about 5oC, in the first model without considering the ventricles, the gray matter temperature is reduced by about 4oC and there is no change in white matter temperature. In the second model temperature distribution became more asymmetric. The temperature reduced about 3oC in the corners. However, the temperature reduction at the edge of brain tissue and near cerebrospinal fluid were about 0.5oC.Conclusion: It was observed that in the case of ischemia, the temperature drop was higher than normal. So, during brain injuries to prevent serious damage, the brain metabolism can be reduced by cooling the spinal fluid.

Background: One of the today most common and incurable diseases that is associated with central neural system is ‘MS’ disease. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating disease in which the insulating covers of nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord are damaged. In this disease become apparent a wide spectrum of symptoms such as lose muscles control and their coordination and vision derangement. The goal of this research is to consider to two problems: 1- Recognition of effective clinical symptoms on MS disease and 2- Considering levels of effectiveness of age, sex and education levels factors on MS disease and association between these factors according to verity of categories of this disease.Methods: Data mining science in medicine is worthy of attention with main application in diagnosis, therapy and prognosis, respectively high volume of collected datum. The data that were used in this article are about patients of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province and collected by cure assistance. In this paper classification and association methods in software engineering field are used.Classification is a general process related to categorization, the process in which ideas and objects are recognized, differentiated, and understood.Association rules are created by analyzing data for frequent if/then patterns and using the criteria support and confidence to identify the most important relationships.Results: In consideration of first problem in this paper, concluded vision-clinical symptoms are the most effective symptoms and in consideration of second problem, concluded that from 584 records, women affected four times more than men. In other word 70% of MS patients with high graduate are in relapsing-remitting category and 62.5% of MS patients are 20-40 years old.Conclusion: Some of symptoms are quite temporary and transitory and are ignored by people. Awareness of clinical-symptoms prevalence manner can be warning for people before starting critical cycle of illness. This would cause early diagnosis, effective therapy and even prevention of disease progress, respectively to MS chronicity.

Background: Nowadays, stroke can be considered as the one of the major causes of disability and mortality worldwide. However, relationship between serum C-reactive protein (CRP) level with stroke early prognosis has not been well studied, especially in Iran. Therefore, the present study aimed to study the relationship between CRP level of serum in patients with acute stroke at first 24h of admission and stroke early prognosis.Methods: This prospective cross-sectional study was performed on 50 patients with acute stroke who were admitted at Emergency Ward of Shahid Rajaie Hospital, in Tonekabon City, Iran, between May 2013 to July 2014. In first step, valid clinical diagnosis was made based on CT scan and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the patients. The ethical observations were considered for all patients. The serum level of CRP was measured by standard method, at first 24h of the admission. Clinical information and risk factors (age, gender, type of stroke, high blood pressure, diabetes mellitus) was detected for each patient. On discharge, early prognosis by modified Rankin Scale (mRS) (mRS<3=good and mRS³ 3=bad) was also recognized. In this study, statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software, and logistic regression method was used (P<0.05).Results: The results of this study showed that 38% of the patients were 70-80 years old.Also, 52% of the patients were male and 48% were female. The serum CRP level of patients at the first 24h of admission increased in all studied patients. The mean of the serum CRP level was 12.82 that were higher than the normal range. The statistical analysis showed that there was no significant relationship between the serum CRP level and the stroke early prognosis.Conclusion: Although the serum CRP level was not recognized as an anticipator factor for stroke prognosis at this study, it is recommended to performance of more studies by case-study method on this setting.

Background: Breast cancer is the most common cancer among females in the world.Identifying the nutrients that modify the risk of the disease is one of the key strategies for improving the quality of life and reducing treatment costs. Epidemiological studies support the role of macronutrients and vitamins involved in one carbon metabolism in the etiology of the disease. This study aimed in investigation of the relationship between the intake of macronutrients and vitamins involved in one carbon metabolism with breast cancer risk.Methods: This case-control hospital base study was conducted at Shohada Hospital, Tehran from April to February 2015. Demographic data, physical activity level and nutrients’ intake from diet and supplements were collected through interview from 151 cases and 154 controls. Dietary intake was assessed by a valid and reliable 168-item semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Then intake of macronutrients and B vitamins was assessed by Nutritionist 4 software (First Databank Inc., CA, USA).Comparing categorical variables between the two groups was done by Chi-squared test and the relationship between intake of studied nutrients and risk of breast cancer was determined using logistic regression test.Results: There were no difference in age, menarche age, menopause age, body mass index (BMI), number of live births between two groups. But the difference in physical activity, energy intake, marital status, educational level, occupation, oral contraceptives use was significant (P<0.001). After modifying the effects of confounding variables, the risk of breast cancer was significantly lower in the highest intake quartile category relative to the lowest quartile category fortotal protein, total fiber, intake of vitamins B2, B6, B12 and folate (P trend<0.001). Before modifying the effects of confounding variables, the risk of breast cancer was significantly higher in the highest intake quartile category relative to the lowest quartile category for carbohydrate and fat; but after modifying the effects of confounding variables, results were not significant.Conclusion: The results showed that high intake of protein, fiber, vitamins B2, B6, B12 and folate are associated with lower risk of breast cancer.

Background: Nowadays, chronic kidney disease (CKD) is known as an epidemic disease all around the world. Chronic kidney disease considered as a serious health problem with numerous side effects, including complications progressive in reducing glomerular filtration rate (GFR), imbalances in the homeostasis of the body and decreased quality of life and finally an increase in mortality due to cardiovascular problems. End-stage renal disease leads to hypocalcemia and hyperphosphatemia, that as a result of, parathyroid hormone (PTH) will increased that secondary hyperparathyroidism will occurred eventually.So it is essential to routine examination of electrolytes in these patients. The current study have been done to determine the electrolytes in saliva as a non-invasive sample in hemodialysis patients in order to the saliva to be presented as an appropriate samples for clinical laboratories.Methods: In the present case-control study that has been performed at Imam Ali Hospital, Bojnord, North Khorasan Province, Iran, in the summer of 2016, 44 hemodialysis patients and 44 aged, gender and body mass index (BMI) matched healthy controls were selected and then their cell count, Hb, HCT, iron, ferritin, total iron binding capacity (TIBC), glucose, CRP, triglycerides, cholesterol, urea, creatinine, calcium, phosphorus, potassium and PTH were measured.Results: Calcium and phosphorus were higher in hemodialysis patients in comparison to the control group. Furthermore, there are not any significant relationship between levels of calcium, phosphorus and potassium in both serum and saliva samples. In addition, we observed the positive relationship between PTH in serum as well as phosphorus and potassium in the saliva.Conclusion: The findings of current study have been shown that salivary levels of calcium and phosphorus in hemodialysis patients is higher than healthy people, therefor could be a non- invasive suitable marker for diagnosis. In addition, blood PTH levels in hemodialysis patients is associated with salivary levels of phosphorus and potassium, so, perhaps these parameters marked PTH's representative in the blood with further investigation of saliva’s electrolytes.

Background: The modern science of nanotechnology is an interdisciplinary science that has contributed to advances in cancer treatment. This study was performed to evaluate the therapeutic effects of biosynthesized silver nanoparticles on breast cancer cell of line MCF-7in vitro.Methods: This analytical study was performed in Kerman and Bam University of Medical Sciences, Bam City, Kerman Province, Iran from March 2015 to March 2016. Silver nanoparticles suspension was synthesized using palm kernel extract. The resulting silver nanoparticles were studied and characterized. The ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy used for screening of physicochemical properties.The average particle size of the biosynthesized silver nanoparticles was determined by transmission electron microscopy. The properties of different concentrations of synthesized silver nanoparticles (1 to 3 μg/ml) and palm kernel extract (containing the same concentration of the extract was used for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles) against MCF-7 human breast cancer cells were determined by MTT assay. MTT is used to assess cell viability as a function of redox potential. Actively respiring cells convert the water-soluble MTT to an insoluble purple formazan.Results: The ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy showed strong absorption peak at 429 nm.The X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images revealed the formation of silver nanoparticles with spherical and octagon shape and sizes in the range between 1-40 nm, with an average size approximately 17 nm. The anticancer effect of silver nanoparticles on cell viability was strongly depends on the concentration of silver nanoparticles and greatly decrease with increasing the concentration of silver nanoparticles. The IC50 amount of silver nanoparticle was 2 mg/ml.Conclusion: The biosynthesized silver nanoparticles showed a dose-dependent toxicity against MCF-7 human breast cancer cells.