NAMEH-YE-MOFID
Year:2000 | Volume:6 | Issue:1 (21)|Papers Count:9

The developments after the worldly cold war suggests that a new balance of power among civilizations has formed. In this process, power of the west, in comparison with other civilizations has declined. The new balance of power has been resulted in enhancement of self-confidence among non-western societies. This matter has the following characters:1- Decline process of desirability and priority of the west at a low intensive process has been accomplished.2- Decline process of power of the west doesn’t continue in a direct path, it is severely irregular.3- The reason for fall of the west should be sought in decline of its sources of power.According to the presented information, the share of west power at global system has decreased. Sources of economic, military, institutional, demographic, political, social and technological power of U.S.A have increased at beginnings of the twentieth century, but this process in comparison to other civilizations has decreased from 1980s.Non-western countries, have gained their might through indigenization and the revival of non-western cultures and revival of the Religion as well.

Political development is one of the most pivotal subjects on political science fields that in the world of Islam, considering the effect and function of Religion and its treatment with development, can be decisive renewal at the world of Islam if occurred comprehensively, namely on political aspect will result in political development. In this article, by deliberating the renewal literature and political development, we try to elucidate its meaning, conception and its indexes. Subsequent to that debate, there are the other renovator groups that the middle class is one of the most important renovator groups, namely in the world of Islam and circumstances of the middle class in the world of Islam, if formed, would make the occurrence of political development possible.

Toleration is forbearance without approval. It was the rule among the ancient Greeks (and also among the Romans) until religion became so identified with the state affairs that the refusal to accept the state religion was treason to the government.Toleration is a doctrine that a citizen may adopt or discard any religion without interference on the part of the state. Also" Cuius regio eius religio" (one must obey the religion of his king) lost its enforcement. Toleration became practically universal during the 19th century. In a legal sense toleration is now coextensive with civilization.

Relationship among "Science" "Truth" and "Unified Science" has always been concern of thinkers of philosophy, social and political science. Max Weber, on the Contrary of Augoste Conte believes that science can"t result in unified science. This matter led to this feeling that he emphasizes on the role of "Ideals" and "Norms" in behaviour of mankind groups.In his historical article titled "The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism", Weber emphasized on the role of religious and value factors in formation of social developments. Of course, he considered the economic variables.From the other hand, Weber believed that "State" and "Social System" of each society are linked to each other, it is based on the nature of human being, interest, the spirit of freedom and collective motives that crystallized in government construction. On this basis, Weber comes to the conclusion that searchers and scholars should not surrender to the realities of political pressure groups or political institutions behaviour, as this means the unconditional and absolute acceptance of a power structure that must be studied by a scholar.

Now, philosophy of right has become one of the fat branches of values philosophy. Despite that the background of appearance the concept of "Right" in its new meaning goes back to the thirteenth century and then gradually became considerably complex and ripe by thinkers, logical and analytical debate about this subject and distinguishing its various aspects owes to the scruting efforts of philosophers and exponents of the twentieth century.In this regard, Mr. Jeremy Waldron’s article is a sample of philosophical efforts at explanation of some important subjects of the philosophy of Right. In this article, he explored three of the most important subjects: "Right conception", "Right contents" and "Justifying theories of Right". But, in the beginning, some brief explanations by the translator about subjects of the article have been suggested. The writer has supposed them obvious, but to well understanding his debates, it is necessary to point out them.

Western countries were able to develop their civilization foundation from the sixteenth century onward to the various areas of the world. This matter has been due to military victories, technologic initiatives and economic productions. During this times, America and other western countries always emphasized that non-western societies should harmonize themselves to the value basis of the west, namely democracy, free market, human rights and individualism. From the 1970s onward, cultural anti-west development process appeared in various countries of the world. As a sample, one can refer to the Islamic fundamentalism appearance, proliferation of mass destructive weapons and capturing of economic markets of east Asia by non-west states. At the new era, the U.N. and other international organizations Supported relativism factors against the west globalization. Hence, international grounds for the west culture expansion decreased. At such circumstances western society faced with inner pressure wave. Migration of marginal groups to the west has intensified this process. At this time, western countries and the U.S.A have faced with two sorts of pressure and cultural reactions. Fundamentalist groups on marginal countries and anti-system movement in internal structure should be regarded as samples of these groups.

Divorce situation at the Iranian law, like many countries, might have faced with ups and downs and still hasn’t a stable and clear condition. At this section, we only analyse the differences regarding the resorting to the divorce in order to dissolve a marriage contract with reference to the Iranian law and its foundations that are, in fact, Islamic standards of Jaafari Jurisprudence. We may not render a conclusion or a decisive expression in this field. But we believe that the explaining and scrutinizing the subject is in itself useful and desirable for interested readers.At first, we will have a brief review on the different statutes in Iran and other Islamic countries about divorce. Then, we deal with the position of a man and a woman in connection with divorce and we will briefly discuss the jurisprudential aspect of the matter.

The basis of that article is that the principality of Existences Mollasadra presented, in addition to that it has no obvious precedent at philosophy, it doesn’t answer to principal questions at ontology, lacks the fit and desirable epistemology results and from scientific and evaluative aspects is deprived of practical effects and blessings. On the contrary, principality of Mystic existence has a clear and long precedent and can reply our questions on ontology and also possesses epistemology results and practical effects and blessings. At the end, proportional to these premises and conclusions some proposals on correction and rebuilding the Islamic Philosophy has been rendered. In this article, all these claims have been deliberated and while answering to them, it has been established that, principally, the writer’s conception of the principality of Existence and its effects is wrong, hence, the premises and conclusions are also wrong. Furthermore, it has been shown that the presented proposals based on those wrong premises and conclusions instead of being constructive are destroying and preventive. As an alternative, it has been posed another proposal on correctness and rebuilding the Islamic philosophy at the end of this article.