Journal of Sport and Exercise Physiology
Year:2019 | Volume:12 | Issue:1|Papers Count:10

Purpose: The aim of current study was to investigate the effect of endurance training on expression of miR-196a and miR-133a and UCP-1 in subcutaneous white adipose tissue (WAT). Methods: Sixteen wistar rats were divided into two groups included: 1) Control (n=8) and 2) Endurance Training (n=8). The subjects of training group underwent continues endurance training on treadmill for eight weeks. The gene expression of target genes was measured by Real Time– PCR method. Results: Data showed that gene expression of UCP1 was significantly higher in trained group than control (P<0. 05). However, the expression of miR-196a and miR-133a were not significantly different between trained and control groups (P>0. 05). Conclusion: The results of this study showed that the endurance training despite the increase in the UCP1 expression, did not change the expression of miR-196a and miR-133a in subcutaneous WAT, indicating that the increase of UCP1 expression occurred by the endurance training did not correspond to change of miR-196a and miR-133a expression induced by the endurance training.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to provide a new model for a new model for predicting 200, 400, 800, 1500, and 5000 m running records on the Fox & Matthews energy systems in young men. Methods: Fifty active young men (mean ± SD age of 18. 11 ± 1. 98 years, Height: 171. 89 ± 3. 27 cm, BMI: 21. 11 ± 1. 76 kg/m2, VO2max: 51. 08 ± 3. 67 ml/kg/min) are purposefully selected and were randomly divided into 5 groups. 100 and 10, 000 meters records of all subjects were measured in two separate sessions at least with an interval of 72 hours. Then the subject’ s 200, 400, 800, 1500, 5000 m running times in each group were recorded with an interval of 72 hours. Finally, the records were calculated using the equations based on Fox & Matthews energy systems. Bland-Altman graphical plots as well as the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) statistical tests were used to evaluate the absolute agreement of the methods. Results: The results showed predictive equations have high agreement with the criterion model (200 m ICC= 0. 85, 400 m ICC= 0. 83, 800 m ICC= 0. 86, 1500 m ICC=0. 89 and 500 m ICC=0. 81). Conclusion: According to the results of this study it can be concluded that the new model for predicting 200, 400, 800, 1500, and 5000 m running records can be used as a practical tool for predicting of distance running records among track and field athletes.

Purpose: Defining the type of fatigue in different activities can increase our knowledge and also help for future studies in this field. Thus, the aim of this study was the investigation on central and peripheral fatigue following the modified Bruce incremental exhausting protocol in young healthy men. Methods: For this purpose, 16 young healthy men were selected and performed the modified Bruce protocol until volitional exhaustion. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), M-wave, maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) of the tibialis anterior muscle and rate of perceived exertion (RPE) were assessed prior and immediately after exercise. For comparison of changes between groups, independent t-test and for evaluating correlation between variables Pearson’ s correlation coefficient were used. Results: The results showed significant decrease in MVC (12. 5%) and TMS amplitude (10. 2%), but not in M-wave amplitude (1. 75%), immediately after exercise (P<0. 05, t1=3. 78, t2=2. 36). In addition, significant correlation observed between changes in TMS amplitude and MVC forces (P<0. 01, r=-0. 69). Conclusion: These results reflect the important role of central fatigue (reduction in central motor drive) in the force decrement after modified Bruce protocol, while there wasn’ t any significant change in the neuromuscular transmission and action potential propagation. In addition, the exact biochemical mechanisms of fatigue in this protocol need additional investigations.

Purpose: Insulin resistance is a major factor in the development of type 2 diabetes. Some adipokines have effect on insulin resistance, the most important of these adipokines is resistin. The aim of this study was to determine the effect aerobic training with cinnamon extract on supplementation resistin and glycemic indexes in rats with insulin-resistant. Methods: Thirty-six wistar rats selected and randomly divided into four groups (control, training, cinnamon, and training-cinnamon). Training protocol performed for 8 weeks and 5 days a week with 75-80% VO2max. Cinnamon and training-cinnamon group were injected 200 ml/kg/day cinnamon extract. 72 hours after the final training session blood samples were collected. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA at the significant level P≤ 0. 05. Results: The results showed that resistin levels lower significantly in training, cinnamon and cinnamon-training groups compared to control group (P=0. 002). Insulin and insulin-resistance significantly low in training and training– cinnamon groups compared to control group (P=0. 001, P=0. 005 respectively). Also, glucose levels lower significantly in training– cinnamon group compared to control group (P=0. 008). Conclusion: According to the findings, it seems aerobic training; cinnamon extract supplementation and combination of these can through the effect on resistin adipokine, have an effect on insulin resistance. It seems to improve insulin action and insulin resistance mediation by reducing adipokines like resistin. It is likely that a combination of aerobic training and consumption of cinnamon extract can be considered for improve insulin resistance as a preventive approach to reduce the production of resistin.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to determine the effect of 10 weeks low-intensity aerobic training along with blood flow restriction on the amount of protein neurotrophic factor derived from the brain (BDNF) in the soleus, extensor long fingers muscles (EDL) as well as sciatic nerve in rats the elderly. Methods: old male Wistar rats (60), age (23-24 months) and weigh were 355 to 481 grams which are chosen. . They were divided into 6 groups (n=10) randomly, blood flow restriction (BFR), exercise with blood flow restriction (BFR + Ex), sham (Sh), sham with exercise (Sham + Ex), control (Ctl) and exercise (Ex). They were trained with a low aerobic exercise as long as 10 weeks then they were sacrificed 48 hours after the last training session. The samples of muscle and the sciatic nerve were separated immediately and they were put in a solid nitrogen. and Then, they were preserved at-80 ° C. The protein samples were detected by Western Bloting method. In this research data normal distribution determined by Shapiro – Wilk test. Comparisons were performed among different groups by one-way ANOVA and post hoc Tukey’ s test. Results: BDNF protein in the EDL muscle just BFR + Ex group compared with Ctl and Sh groups and in soleus muscle BFR + Ex group compared all groups significantly decreases. . moreover, Ex, Sh + Ex groups in comparison with Ctl and Sh have decreased significantly. On the other hand, the sciatic nerve of BFR + Ex group, in comparison with all groups, increased significant. Conclusion: This type of exercise can effects on the BDNF protein in slow and fast witch muscles. Furthermore, BFR+Ex, as a training method, may be can influence on nerve and muscle positively.

Purpose: This study aims at investigating the effect of different doses of caffeine on some inflammatory factors in overweight women after exhaustive exercises. Methods: Twelve inactive overweight women (aged 32. 5± 2. 61 years and BMI 27. 28± 3. 63 kg/m2) were selected. This study was conducted in 3 steps for 2 months in the fasting state. In the first step (the last day of period), they received caffeine as placebo; in the second stage (the last day of period in next month), they received an average dose of caffeine (6 mg/kg); and in the third step (after a week of the second stage), they received a high dose of caffeine (9 mg/kg). They carried Bruce exhaustive tests out 30 minutes after each dose of caffeine. Blood samples were taken after each stage. Data were analyzed by using repeated ANOVA and post hoc (LSD) at a significant level (P<0. 05). Results: The results showed the intake of moderate and high doses of caffeine had no significant effect on CRP of overweight inactive women after exhaustive exercise (P>0. 05) while had a significant impact on homocysteine level (P=0. 001). Conclusion: It seems that medium and high doses of caffeine are able to decrease the inflammation induced by exhaustive exercise.

Purpose: The efficacy of impulse oscillometry (IOS) as an indirect measure of exercise-induced airway changes, compared to spirometry has not been comprehensively appreciated. The objective was to compare airway responses to cold temperature exercise with 80 to 90% VO2max and to recognize Methods: Eighteen whether impulse oscillometry parameters relate to spirometry parameters. active men with probable Exercise-Induced Bronchospasm (Body Mass Index ≤ 25) were screened for this study. The exercise protocol was two 6-min sub-maximal exercises of running on the treadmill with 80-90% maximal Heart Rate in either cold (4. 0 ◦ C) or moderate (25. 0 ◦ C) temperature. Aperiod 48hr was observed between Two exercises. Results: significant correlations were found between cold and moderate temperature data for impulse oscillometry and spirometry. Post Exercise Spirometry revealed significant difference in cold and moderate temperatures (p<0. 001). Respiratory resistance measured by impulse oscillometry found to be significantly different in post exercise peak falls for two conditions (p<0. 001). Conclusion: Two exercises appeared to elicit Exercise-Induced Bronchospasm response by a similar mechanism of airway hyperresponsiveness and water loss.

Purpose: Post-match recovery is a complex concept and depends on several factors, such as fatigue, level of exercise, and detraining. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of three post-match recovery methods, active recovery, and cold water immersion and contrast bath in young professional soccer players. This is a semi-experimental research with pre and post-test design. Methods: Twenty-five young soccer players participated in this study. In order to investigate the perception of fatigue perceived muscle soreness were measured. Vertical jump, Hoff and dribbling speed tests were used to measure the functional performance of players, before and after each soccer match. In order to analyze the results, repeated measures of analysis of variance was used. Results: The results indicated a significant effect of contrast bath by 5 to 60% improvement in the variables compared to the other two methods (P=0. 001). Speed dribbling significantly 5 percent increased (P=0. 001) and the perceived soreness after using the contrast bath significantly 60 percent decreased (P=0. 001). Conclusion: It can be recommended to athlete to accelerate post-match recovery use contrast bath taking into account the beneficial effects of this method.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to determine the effect of 8 weeks IGF-1 injection and resistance training on Cox-2 and p53 expression in colorectal of male Wistar rats Methods: A total of 28 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 4 groups; saline injected control (Control), resistance training+saline injected (Training), resistance training+IGF-1 injected (Combined) and IGF-1 injected (Injection). Resistance training protocol consisted of climbing (three days/week, 5 reps/3 sets) a ladder carrying a load suspended from the tail for 8 weeks. IGF-1 and Three days after the last. saline (1. 5 μ g /kg/day) were injected before and after exercise sessions bout of exercise, colorectal tissues were collected and gene expression levels were analyzed using Quantitative real-time PCR. Results: In Training (p=0. 001), Combined (p=0. 001) and Injection (p=0. 002) groups, p53 expression in the colorectal significantly decreased compared with Control (p<0. 05). However, there was no significant difference between training, combined and injection groups (p>0. 05). A significant decrease of Cox-2 protein levels was observed in the Training group from the Control (p=0. 002). Cox-2 levels were significantly higher in Injection group compared to Control group (p=0. 002). In the Combined group, Cox-2 levels were significantly higher compared to Training group (p=0. 018) Conclusion: According to the results of the study, IGF-1 injection may increase the risk of colorectal cancer and will endanger the survival of healthy cells in this tissue. our recommendation is that the use of peptides and growth factors such as IGF1 may not be useful for increasing muscle function, size and muscle strength.

Purpose: Cardiovascular diseases predictive inflammatory markers are more accurate than lipid profiles in diagnosing diseases. It is important to provide appropriate training pattern in order to reduce the level of inflammatory factors in these patients. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 8 weeks of high-intensity interval training on plasma E-selectin levels and white blood cells indices in patients with cardiovascular diseases. Methods: Among patients who voluntary referred to Shahid Rjaie cardiovascular, medical and research center for cardiac rehabilitation, 20 patients (male, 50-70yrs) were selected and randomly divided into two groups (n=10): training and control. After determining the VO2peak, subjects in training group performed an interval protocol included 8 intervals of 2 min activity (running on treadmill) at 80% of VO2peak and 2 min active recovery at 30% of VO2peak, three sessions per week for 8 weeks. Whereas control group have not regular exercise training. Before the training and 48 hours after the last training session fasting blood samples were taken. Independent t-test at p<0. 05 was used to statistically analysis. Results: The analysis showed significant reduction in E-selectin (p=0. 01) and lymphocytes (p=0. 01), but there was no significant difference in neutrophils, monocytes and eosinophils responses between two groups (p>0. 05). Conclusion: High intensity interval training led to reducing inflammatory factors levels in in patients with cardiovascular diseases. Probably part of the beneficial effects of high intensity interval training in patients with cardiovascular diseases caused by the inflammatory system adaptation and thus reduction the level of inflammatory factors and cytokines with leukocytes origin.