JOURNAL OF FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT PERSPECTIVE
Year:2019 | Volume:9 | Issue:3 (27)|Papers Count:7

The capital asset pricing model is based on the assumption of the normal distribution of asset returns. However, many studies have challenged the assumption of the normal distribution of returns and subsequently, by adding higher momentto model development. Also, in examining the effect of higher moments real returns instead of expected returns is used, also because the capital asset pricingmodel assumes investors' preferences and the asset return distribution is stablethe conditional relationship between returns and these moments is examination. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to examine the empirical effects of the third and fourth systematic moments on the minimum rate of expected return on investment in in a conditional way. The research sample includes 195 companies accepted in Tehran Stock Exchange from 2004 to 2016. In order to study the effect of the third and fourth systematic moments, the Fama Macbeth method (1973) has been used. Evidence suggests that in the whole study period, the effect of skewness was systematically negative, and systematic kurtosishas not been effective on the expected minimum expected return rate. In the bullish market, the systematic skewness has a direct effect of reversal and systematic elongation, and in the downside, both reversed the effect.

Study of the Extreme behavior of the Stock Market and the correct pattern of the distribution of returns has an important role in the management of market risk. The current study, based on BMM approach, examines the distribution pattern of return in Tehran Stock Exchange in different time intervals. In order to choose the appropriate model in different time series, L-Moment ratio diagram was used. Then, by using the calculation of parameters of the selected models based on the approach of Maximum likelihood, the conformity and selection of appropriate model in each time interval was performed based on AD test. To model the distribution of patterns of total market returns, the total stock index data of 2004-2016 was used and the basis of the performed calculation has the log of daily return of Tehran stock exchange. The results indicated that among the examined model, GL model in annual time interval and in minimum series, and GEV model in other time intervals of minimum and maximum series had a better performance.

Because an index cannot be purchased directly, it has to be rebuilt by a portfolio which is an approximation of Index. This is called index tracking. In this research, first we discuss the vital role of Tracking Quality measurments for developing tracking portfolio via optimization based on sampling. Then we introduce a new measurement, Realized Tracking Quality (RTQ) and compare it with traditional measurements. Comparison of Realized Tracking Quality (RTQ) and three traditional measurements of producing tracking portfolios (Tracking Error Variance (TEV), Mean Squared Error (MSE) and Mean Absolute Deviation (MAD)) shows that there are significant differences in their anticipated values. In other words, we make a comparison of the approaches to index tracking and highlighting their advantages and disadvantages. Unlike other researches on rebuilding of tracking portfolio, this framework specifically addresses issues of stability of the tracking quality measurements, whether they produce tracking portfolios with the same tracking quality in the estimation period and the investment period or not. In fact, we were not looking for a method that would create the best tracking portfolio with the highest tracking quality; instead, this study attempted to compare the results of the estimation period with the investment period and determine which one would be more stable. The results indicate that Producing tracking portfolio will be optimized by improving stability measurements. For our analysis, we use Tehran Stock Exchange Index having all listed companies. The time period includes 5 years, between September 2012 and September 2017.

Risk management is part of investment decision making. Diversification as one of the risk management techniques can increase the utility by increasing return for every unit of risk. In this paper, we review the effect of gold on diversification of stock portfolios in Tehran Stock Exchange. For this purpose, we used the spot price of gold coin as a standard price for gold and we used different indexed portfolios such as Tehran Stock Exchange Price Index, Industry Index, index of 50 companies from 2008 to 2018. We used Stochastic Dominance to rank portfolios as one of the criteria for rating and evaluating performance is to select a portfolio that maximizes the expected utility. By implementing stochastic dominance at three levels we compared the portfolio’ s performance. The portfolios were made of an indexed portfolios and a share of gold which could be from 0 to 50 percent of the value of the portfolio. The results showed that adding gold to the portfolios of almost all of the indexes can improve their performances at 95% confidence level. The diversification benefit of gold will be maximized when at least 20% of the portfolios consist of gold coin.

Adopting a citizen's perspective for participating as a member of the community brings responsibility for accountability for increased transparency and accountability. Social responsibility reporting is one of the most important tools that will have different consequences and impacts. The purpose of this study is to identify the effect of moderating role of external monitoring on the relationship between the technical and institutional dimensions of social responsibility on profitability in companies of Tehran Stock Exchange. In this study, data from 105 companies for the period 2013 to 2017 were investigated and to review the research hypothesis, panel model regression analysis was applied. The results of the research showed that social responsibility dimensions have a direct relationship with the firm's profitability. In addition, the impact of the technical and institutional dimensions of social responsibility on the company's profitability with the moderating role of external monitoring was examined. The results of the study, according to the prediction of the complementary theory, indicate that external monitoring exacerbates the positive relationship between the technical dimension of social responsibility and profitability of the company, but in the relationship between the institutional dimension of social responsibility and profitability of the company, external monitoring does not play a moderating role.

The main purpose of this study is analyzing the effect of default risk on the individual stocks' expected returns, in the other words pricing the default risk, in Iran’ s capital market. To this end we use a sample of 376 nonfinancial companies listed in Tehran Stock Exchange during September 2008 to November 2018 and compute distance to default (DD) as a measure of default risk following KMV-Merton model in a monthly frequency. In this way, market value of assets and its volatility are estimated by simultaneously solving nonlinear equations induced form Black-Scholes-Merton option pricing model. Following the literature, dependent variable of this study, expected return, is estimated using realized returns in different time periods (one month, six months, one year and two years). Then the relationship between distance to default as a firm characteristic and expected return was assessed in univariate and multivariate cross sectional regressions using Fama-Macbeth (1973) procedure and with the beta of CAPM model, size, book to market and momentum as control variables. The results show that, generally DD affects the expected return inversely, namely the smaller is the distance to default of a company (or the closer is the company to default) the higher is the company investors’ expected return. Nevertheless the effect is not completely robust and depends on the time period realized return is measured as expected return and becomes weaker in subsamples. Furthermore, if we estimate stock volatility (as an input to estimate asset DD) conditionally using exponentially weighted moving average method, the effect of DD on returns becomes stronger. The presence of explanatory variables such as size and B/M also reduces the significance of the coefficient.

Some industrial firms in Tehran Stock Exchange invest a considerable part of their assets in financial assets and sometimes risky financial assets like stocks & fixed income securities. This research investigated motivations that affect industrial firms’ demand for risky financial assets and the effect of this asset management on creating abnormal return for stockholders and increasing firm’ s value. The data set we used in this research were cash, cash equivalent, short term investment, long term investment and other assets. Research time frame was from 2009 to 2016 and the sample was from industrial firms of Tehran Stock Exchange. The results confirmed the impact of precautionary motive on this investment demand but not transactional and speculative motive. It also showed as corporate governance and ownership concentration improve, these investments increase. It also showed abnormal return could be attributed to financial assets but it could not increase firm’ s value based on Fama-French approach, also investigating financing resources showed that the internal cash flow is the main source of investing in risky financial assets and firms usually did not use money from debt and equity issues for these investments.