STUDIES THE STATE
Year:2018 | Volume:4 | Issue:15|Papers Count:6

The present theoretical-analytical article aimed at the study of the characteristics of wicked problems & the strategies applied for their management according to the ideas of Rittel and Weber. Based upon some statistical data and secondary analysis method, the article presents some manifestations of wicked problems in contemporary Iran. From the pathological standpoint, the main reason for the wickedness of policy problems is stemmed in the historical and continuous gap and persistent cleavage between state and society. Inspired by theoretical approaches presented in the conceptualization section, it sounds that the collaborative strategy is necessary for the wise and successful management of wicked problems. The strategic implication of this statement is the necessity for whole and profound revision of traditional patterns of state-society relations in Iran and its transformation to participatory, deliberative, collaborative, dialogue-based, non-hierarchical, decentralized and citizen-oriented relationships which its fulfillment in turn necessitates the transformation of state’ s functions and the nature of the structure of power in one hand and the behavioral change of citizens in the other hand.

The views of Khadjeh Nezam al-Mulk have always been significant among the intellectual experts of political schools of thought, particularly the views in relation to organizing governmental relationship with people, all of which considerably affected the formation of the beliefs of future scholars. The question is how and at which level Khadje Nezam al-Mulk has categorized these mutual relations of the governors and people? In response, this theory has been brought forward by the author of Seyr al-Muluk, using the “ justice seeking” approach in three different levels explaining the relations of the governor and people. This categorization has taken into consideration their encounter with the Almighty God as the paradigm of Islamic ideology. First categorization is “ choosing based on destiny decided by God” or “ taghdiraat” in Arabic. The 2nd one is pragmatism, which relates to worldly responsibilities, and finally the 3rd categorization is accountability approach in regard to hereafter. In this research, through using the methods of “ historical explanations” and the “ textual interpretation” approaches, there will be a systematic review of the characteristics of each level of the categorization. The biggest challenge to all the levels will be the deep reliance of Khadjeh Nizam al-Mulk on the theory of “ distribution of justice” , disregarding the theoretical lacuna of “ power” on his writings most of which can be justified by the concepts of “ requirements of the time” and the “ authoritative power” of kings/governors.

One of the most important issues in political sociology, Diaspora and its functions is to strengthen ethnic nationalism in plural societies. Kurdish uprising in Kurdish nationalism and identity conflict has mutual relation with Diaspora. Indeed, this paper examines and shows deep relationship between Diaspora, nationalism and conflict in Kurdish field by way of analytic method. Diaspora community as a strategic Agent is the harbinger of nationalist movement and the creator of the strategic status for creating national discourses. The opportunities structure and the emergence of kurd elites in the Diaspora as the main Agent for conflict and nationalism plays a key role in contemporary Middle East. The research method is analytic-descriptive, and data gathering procedure is based on library findings. The elite diaspora in western societies has an impact on conflicts and seeks to brand identity and nationalism and geopolitical identity of Kurdistan as a distinct geographical unit.

"People Involvement" In ideologies and systems related to democracy, especially religious democracy, is the common concept which creates a visible difference between democrat systems and non-democrat systems. People Involvement as an important concept is a justification for democrat and religious democrat states and from this perspective, it is possible to create different expression regarding to democracy. According to this article, there are two main perspectives related to justification of people involvement. In this case, there are two patterns; "Single-dimensional" legitimation pattern and "Multi-dimensional" legitimation pattern. The first one oversees one aspect of government like the competence of the ruler or process of acquiring power and enforcing it, and the second one oversees all aspects of the government like conclusions and effectiveness in addition to the previous case. In this article, G. T. methodology has been used. The Ayatollah Khamenei's position is considered as the second group where legitimation is a multi-dimensional pattern and oversees four dimensions of government.

Reconstruction and redefinition of classical concepts is one of the main features of post-structuralist thinking. French philosopher Gilles Deleuze has also toke part to this redefinition of classical concepts. One of the concepts Deleuze redefines and rebuilds in his thinking is the concept of state. Deleuze's method for redefining concepts, including the concept of state, was to embed them in a new ontological framework. By using a different ontology, Deleuze rebuilds different concepts. In this sense, Deleuze has put different concepts in the form of a single ontology by creating a philosophical system and using a unified and systematic approach. The main feature of this ontology is its reliance on the relationship between actual and virtual. For this purpose, in this paper, the author shows how the state theory rebuilt by Deleuze uses his theory of movement in terms of similar ontological structure. This same ontological structure is the relation between actual and virtual. Accordingly, the state like movement will be analyzed at three different levels: the level of points and place-time, the level of intrinsic motion and internal intercourse, the level of communication with the virtual. The significance of this redefinition for such an ontological structure is that the dominant institutional and static approach in the political analysis is radically transformed.

The present paper aims to answer the question: Why instability erupted within the political scene of Egypt in context of so called Arab spring revolutions from January 2011 up the coup in June 2013. According to Charles Tilly’ s social movement theory, the present study claims that those instabilities were results of weak and brittle coalitions which were formed between political groups in Egypt. The study hypothesis was analyzed through the game theory. Muslim brotherhood, Salafi forces, Liberal-Secular forces and Egyptian Army were identified as four main players within the political scene in Egypt according to Tilly’ s theory. The relationships between those main political players were analyzed using the game theory concept based on two strategies of “ making coalition” or “ avoiding coalition” . From the total 17 resulting calculated scenarios (4 players each with two strategies), 12 acceptable scenarios were identified. The results showed that the political situation will tend to move towards stability if the military and secular forces form a coalition. This result can be linked to two after coup periods between 2013 and the present time. Also our findings based on game theory and Nash’ s equilibrium theory suggests that Egypt needs a triangle of political forces to prevail the arena in order to achieve a stable situation. Since the weights of stability condition for three tier coalition of brotherhood-secular-army, or salafi-brotherhood-army or secular-brotherhood-Salafi are almost identical, it can be stated that political stability in Egypt is more depending on the number of forces which enter a coalition than the type of players which form the coalition.