JOURNAL OF LESAN MOBEEN
Year:2020 | Volume:11 | Issue:38|Papers Count:6

Semiotics is a kind of interdisciplinary research that studies and analyzes the signs and the hidden meanings beyond them. Non-verbal communication is one of the branches of semiotics that encompasses a variety of people's motor behaviors including facial expressions, body movements, gestures, conversation adjustment movements, etc. Moreover, attitudes, postures, attires, facial communications, body gestures, artifacts, time, place, music, etc. are non-verbal communication signs that can independently convey a message or help to convey verbal messages. This type of communication has six functions such as complementing, denying, repeating, controlling, substituting, and emphasizing. Hence, the present study sought to examine the work of contemporary Tunisian author Shukri Mabkhout's novel from the standpoint of non-verbal communication signs, including facial expressions, eye states, taste and smell, objects, distance, etc. This new reading of the text makes it possible for the readers to decode the messages which the author conveyed through non-verbal elements. The importance of Al-Talani's novel goes back to its selection as a Poker Prize in 2015 so that its semantic review was crucial in the present study. The results indicated that al-Makhbouth benefited the most from various facial expressions, functions and their implications. He used these cases to express things such as fear of something strange, satisfaction, ridicule, and shame. Alongside, other modes and organs were also involved in delivering the author's messages. Furthermore, most of these messages had a successor function.

Arab historians have long argued for the etymology and meaning of the word 'Mecca' that have been critically and arguably controversial from a historical, ontological and semantic perspective. These assumptions, often based on some kind of folk etymology, have become less popular among scholars because of repeated quotations from primary sources and less widely criticized for their validity and frequency of use. The presence of very ancient Persian word constructions in the Arabic language and older texts of this language, including ignorant poems and, more importantly, the Holy Qur'an, reflects the longstanding relationship of the Iranian branch of Indian and European languages with Arabic, with historical evidence also relying on proximity and relevance. Iran also justifies this presence with the Assyrian and Akkad lands, the origins of the Arab people and the Sami languages, as well as the political domination of the Iranian governments over the Arabian Peninsula in ancient and medieval times. The present study has attempted, while examining the views of former linguists, using the descriptiveanalytical method to develop and explain the hypothesis of the origin of the word "Mecca" in Arabic. The result of this study shows that the word "Mecca" and its more original construction "Becca" have the Iranian root and an evolved form of the word "baq" or "bag" in ancient Avestan and Persian language meaning holy city or city of God.

The purpose of this research, discursive reading of the short story "through Alkhlas" by Znoun Ayoub, The descriptive-analytical approach, with an emphasis on Norman Fairclough's approach and model for the concepts of power, ideology and inequality in the context of offers, It is important that the characters of the story, rather than mental models and ideas for their discourse on society at that point in time is considered, how to behave? The text-based approach to cognitive discourse analysis suggests that the author of the story the reader has faced deep challenges; Challenge the traditional opposition between men and women, modern women, one steeped in ignorance and false beliefs and traditional society reproduces the dominant discourse; And the other Western writers are influenced by culture and ideology and does not accept inequality. Imperfect socialization in both discourse and its bitter end with the death of the hero and the dominant discourse is mastered.

Psychological criticism is one of the contemporary literary approaches which helps to analyze characters psychologically and to understand literary works better. A famous theory in this regard is the theory of needs; proposed by American psychologist Henry Murray. According to this theory, needs are induced by the pressures of life, and human beings respond to them in various ways. By defining the theory of needs and using a descriptiveanalytic method, this study aimed to detect the types of pressure that had imposed needs to the hero in the novel ‘ French Perfume’ and to mark those pressures that the hero responded. The study also sought to specify which pressure had the highest influence and why. As the results indicated, social, economic, and political problems, which were in the Alpha Press category, led to psychological pressures, categorized as Beta Press. These pressures, in turn, led to certain needs, like the needs felt by the protagonist of the novel. He tried to overcome external and internal pressures by meeting such secondary needs as understanding, domination, pretention, libido, reprobation, self-restraint, respect, invulnerability, affection and pugnacity. In spite of his attempts, he ended up in a character break-up.

One of the well-known terms in Jungian psychology is Archetype. It is defined as universal pattern of human behavior or archaeological experiences existing in the collective unconscious of human ancestors in longtime ago, such as Shadow, anime, persona, ego, wise old man, etc. Jabra Ibrahim Jabra’ s “ Bahth An Walid Masoud” (literally: in search of Walid Masoud), one of the contemporary and symbolic novel describing the mental journey of the main character Walid Masoud, a journey namely “ Tafarod” (individuation) in which Walid, the hero, manifests the collective unconscious in form of imagination and in a way that happened to the Sindbad the Sailor. This is the beginning of a journey that guides Walid toward individuation and rebirthed as archetypes. Therefore, studying and knowing archetypes and their functions in the above-mentioned novel can help readers to understand the symbols better. Hence, this study sought to investigate the archetypes in this novel and explore Walid’ s psychological evolution to the stage of “ rebirth” and “ happiness” (Masoud). The results of the research showed that Jabra Ibrahim Jabra employed Jung archetypes (shadow, anime, persona, and wise old man) effectively to describe Walid the hero en route of perfection to reach the stage of rebirth. Walid, the hero of Jabra’ s story who is as a sort of Palestinian writer’ s representation, can be a symbol of all human being who look for a common goal that is individuation.

Semantic knowledge started for the first time with the lectures of the Swiss linguist Ferdinand de Saussure. He was a scientific scholar who examined the types of signs, the agents involved in the process of production and exchange, and their interpretation, as well as the rules governing the signs. Semantic knowledge is the study of meaning, the process of sign formation, and the understanding of meaningful communication. Moreover, semantics includes the study of construction and formulation of signs, references, implications, naming, analogies, parables, metaphors, and communicative codes. Accordingly, semiotics can be used in the analysis of the titles of literary works, including poetry since the title of a poem contains the words which the poet intends to recount. The semiotics of the title can detect the underlying and hidden layers beyond the vocabulary. That said, the present study used a descriptive-analytical method to study the selected titles of Ahmad Matar's poems in terms of semiotics based on Daler's theory and the implication of Ferdinand de Soussur. The findings of this research indicated that Matar used different techniques such as paradoxical, intertextual, heritage calling and symbolization in choosing her own titles. Moreover, the semiotic analysis of the poems showed that the titles of the poems of Matar are as a parallel text with the original text and strengthened by the axis of substitution with the signs used in the text. Furthermore, the analysis of signs in the companion axis represents a communication network among meanings which are often in conflict with each other and have contributed to the production of the poet's meaning.