Journal of Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production
Year:2020 | Volume:30 | Issue:3|Papers Count:22

Background and Objective: Water and soil resources protecting in agriculture has particular importance. This study attempts to determine optimal crop patterns in Firozabad plain taking to account agriculture sustainability with three objectives. For this purpose, utilizing Fuzzy mathematical programming, profitmaximizing as the economic goal and reduction in water, fertilizer and pesticides uses as environmental goals were considered. Materials and Methods: Deficit irrigation and water stress conditions, as well as the adoption of an appropriate irrigation system, was modeled with different decided variables to show the actual conditions of the plain in normal and drought years, by considering the upper and lower targets in the fuzzy model. Results: Results showed that all the three objectives contribute approximately the same levels of satisfaction and there are no clear differences between crop patterns with and without dry farming. In the case of drought years, wheat 25, wheat 49, barley 44, corn 3, sugar beet 48 and rice, and the same products with different levels of deficit irrigations were recommended in the normal year. Optimal crop pattern was determined and comparing it with the average crop pattern in the past 10-year in the region. Conclusion: To align with sustainable agriculture and protecting water and soil resources in Firozabad plain, it is not necessary to change the crop pattern of the area. The main difference is due to choose of an irrigation system, irrigation time, and changing the share of plains cultivation levels to products suitable.

Background and Objective: Evaluation of hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth) effect on weed control, yield, yield components and essential oil of coriander (Coriandrum sativum L. ) in mixed cropping were important objectives of this study. Materials and Methods: Experiment was carried out as a split plot based on randomized complete block design (RCBD) with 3 replications at the field of Agricultural and Natural Resources Research of Meshginehshahr in 2018. The effect of weed control as the main factor was included two levels of control and non-control of weeds and different planting pattern in 7 level: coriander sole cropping, hairy vetch sole cropping, intercropping of coriander and hairy vetch (1: 1) with different spacing of plants on hairy vetch rows including 5 (A), 7. 5 (B), 10 (C), 12. 5 (D) and 15 (E) cm, were as sub factor. Results: The highest number of lateral branches and essential oil percentage (0. 29%) of coriander were obtained in E, number of umbrella per plant in all intercropping treatments, and the number of grains per umbrella in C and D treatments. The highest biological yield (3013 kg. ha-1) and grain yield (689. 2 kg. ha-1) of coriander were obtained in sole cropping with weed control treatment, and the highest essential oil yields were obtained in sole cropping (1. 85 kg. ha-1) and intercropping of coriander with hairy vetch at 15 cm distances on rows (1. 86 kg. ha-1) in weed control conditions. The lowest weed biomass was recorded in intercropping with 5 cm distances of seeds on rows of hairy vetch without any differences with 7. 5 and 10 cm distances of seeds, which led to decreases of weed biomass by 14. 2 and 9. 2 % compared to sole cropping of coriander and hairy vetch, respectively. Land equivalent ratio (LER) based on biological yield in all intercropping treatments was greater than 1 and indicated the superiority of intercropping over sole cropping in both crops in the studied treatments. Conclusion: In general, to achieve higher yield of coriander essential oil in intercroping with hairy vetch, planting distance of 15 cm of hairy vetch under weed control and planting distance of 5 cm of hairy vetch without weed control are appropriate. For more control on weed, planting of hairy vetch at distances of 5, 7. 5 and 10 cm will be effective in intercroping with coriander.

Background and Objective: In order to evaluate the effect of application of biological and chemical nitrogen fertilizers on the intercropping of pinto bean and black mustard, this experiment was conducted. Materials and Methods: The first factor was considered at four levels: No fertilizer, bio-fertilizers (azotobarvar 1 and barvar 2), bio-fertilizer + 50% chemical fertilizers urea (125 kg. ha-1) and bio-fertilizers + 100% chemical fertilizers urea (250 kg. ha-1). The cropping pattern was also classified as the second factor in four levels: pure bean, pure black mustard, incremental intercropping with a ratio of 50% black mustard, optimum density of pinto bean mono-cropping, and an incremental intercropping with optimum density of two species in mono-cropping. Results: Ground cover percentage, leaf chlorophyll index and grain yield in pinto bean and black mustard and also the oil yield of black mustard increased by application of bio-fertilizer + 100% urea fertilizer. The lowest seed oil content was obtained from bio-fertilizer + 100% chemical fertilizer treatment. The highest percentage ground cover of pinto bean and black mustard (93. 08%) and maximum leaf chlorophyll index of pinto bean (23. 61) were obtained in incremental intercropping with optimum density of two species in mono-cropping. The highest grain yield of pinto bean (3269. 92 kg. ha-1) and black mustard (2066. 65 kg. ha-1) and yield of black mustard oil (865. 65 kg. ha-1) were obtained in their pure cultivation. Conclusion: Based on the land equivalent ratio and relative value total indices, it was evident that intercropping of pinto bean and black mustard was more beneficial than mono-cropping.

Backgroubd & Objective: Due to the importance of a legume-cereal intercropping system, and in order to the investigate of forage yield in intercropping of maize (Zea mays. L) and snail medic (Medicago scutellata) an experiment counducted in Arak conditions. Material & Methods: In this study, treatments were three different irrigation levels, including 50%, 75%, and 100% water requirement of maize as the main plot, cropping patterns of maize and snail medic including solecropping maize with and without hoeing, the cropping pattern of 100% maize with 50, 75 and 100% snail medic without hoeing, sole-cropping snail medic with and without hoeing as the subplot. The experiments conducted in splitplots design based on randomized complete blocks with three replications in two years. Results: The results showed that the highest wet and dry forage weights in the treatment with 100% water requirement and the cropping pattern of 100% maize with 100% snail medic were obtained in the first year of the experiments (67 and 14. 94 tons per hectare). In addition to the effective application of land (land equivalent ratio = 1. 45), wet and dry forage weights increased by 5. 83% and 5. 02%, respectively. The analysis of forage quality showed that with decreasing portion of the snail medic, the percentage of protein and fiber increased by 10. 91% and 29. 63%, respectively. The highest percentage of acid detergent fiber and neutral detergent fiber in the treatment of maize with hoeing (46. 46% and 69. 7%, respectively), the highest percentage of crude ash in the treatment of maize sole cropping without hoeing (11. 72%) and the highest percentage of digestible matter in snail medic sole cropping without hoeing (36. 63) were recorded in the treatment with 100% water requirement in the second year of the experiments. Also, in treatments with 75% and 100% water requirement in maize sole cropping with hoeing, wet forage weight were respectively 1. 62 and 2. 55 times the treatment with 50% water requirement of maize sole cropping with hoeing. This increase for snail medic sole cropping with hoeing was 1. 82 and 2. 76, respectively. Conclusion: According to the results, using of the crop with low water requirement like snail medic in intercropping system increase the quality and quantity of forage and the optimization of water consumption, and it will also control the weeds.

Background and Objective: This study was conducted to evaluate the quantity and quality of forage and to determine the best cultivation pattern of Grass Pea mixed with some winter cereals including barley, oats and triticale. Materials and Methods: The experiment was conducted as randomized complete design with 13 treatments and three replications in the research farm of Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Iran. Treatments included mono cropping of grass pea, barley, oat and triticale, and mixed grasspea cultivation with each cereal in three seeding ratios (grain: grass pea; 25: 100, 50: 100, and 500: 80). Results: The LER based mixing system productivity and forage quality indexes such as crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acidic fiber (ADF) content, total forage digestibility (TDN) and other qualitative traits were affected by the type of mixed culture. As such, most of these qualitative traits belonged to sole culture of grass pea. Increasing the proportion of grass pea in mixture intercrops improved forage quality. Conclusion: Among of mixed treatments, two mixing patterns including 80% barley + 50% grass pea and 80% oats + 50% grass pea, had the highest quantity and quality of forage. Also, these cropping patterns showed the highest LER (1. 34 and 1. 40, respectively) compared to pure and other mixed cropping treatments. Therefore, based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that the mixing of grass pea with winter cereals at the 80% cereal + 50% legume as one of the most efficient and sustainable cropping systems in terms of high quality and quantity forage production, Advised farmers in arid and semi-arid regions.

Background and objective: The present research was done in order to determine the optimum planting date, seed amount and to evaluate the grain and oil yields of spring rapeseed in saline and marginal areas around Urmia lake. Materials and Methods: The RGS003 genotype was used for cultivation. The experiment was conducted as split plot based on a RCBD design in three replications with two factors including sowing date (30 March and 9 and 19 April) and seed amount (4, 6, 8 and 10 Kg seeds per hectare). The study was carried out in East Azarbaijan Agriculture and Natural Resources Research and Education Center (Khosrow Shah Station) during 2018 and 2019 cropping seasons. Results: The results indicated that the green field cover percent, Leaf chlorophyll index, plant height, pods per plant, 1000 seeds weight, grain oil percent and grain and oil yields were decreased significantly by delaying planting date from March 30 to April 19. Also this delay led to a significant decrease in grain and oil yields at all seed amounts. The highest amounts of grain and oil yields achieved from March 30 planting time and 6 Kg seeds per hectare. Correlations among the green field cover percent, Leaf chlorophyll in mid flowering stage with grain and oil yields were significantly positive. These indices had an important role in yield determining. Conclusion: It is concluded that 30 March planting date and 6 Kg. ha-1 seeds amount can be suggested for spring rapeseed cultivation in saline and marginal areas around Urmia Lake and lands with similar climate.

Background and objectives: The environmental and economic impacts of chemical fertilizers application have encouraged agronomists and growers to evaluate the use of alternative nutrient sources. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effects of biological, chemical and organic fertilizers, as alone and integrative application on yield, yield components and physiological traits of sunflower under different irrigation levels. Materials and methods: A two-field experiments were carried out as split plot based on randomized complete blocks design (RCBD) with three replications at the Piranshahr agricultural research station, West Azarbaijan province, Iran, during during 2016 and 2017. The main plots included different irrigation levels (Irrigation at 85, 70 and 55% field capacity) and the sub plots were including different fertilization levels: 100% of recommended chemical fertilizer (255, 25 and 25 kg ha-1 urea, triple superphosphate and potassium sulfate, respectively), 10 ton ha-1 vermicompost, 15 ton ha-1 vermicompost, biosuper+ azotobacter biofertilizer, 10 ton ha-1 vermicompost+ biosuper+ azotobacter, 15 ton ha-1 vermicompost+ biosuper+ azotobacter, 10 ton ha-1 vermicompost+ biosuper+ azotobacter, 10 ton ha-1 vermicompost+ biosuper+ azotobacter+ 50% chemical fertilizer and 15 ton ha-1 and vermicompost+ biosuper+ azotobacter+ 50% chemical fertilizer. Results: The results demonstrated that the irrigation at 55% of field capacity significantly decreased the plant height, stem diameter, head diameter, thousand seed weight, seed yield, biological yield, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, relative water content, head weight and number of seeds per head of sunflower. The highest achene yield of sunflower (4230 kg ha-1) was achieved in the normal irrigation with application of 15 ton ha-1 vermicompost+ biosuper+ azotobacter+ 50% chemical fertilizer. Also, the lowest achene yield (3051 kg ha-1) was observed in the severe stress conditions (Irrigation at 55% of field capacity) with application of chemical fertilizer. In addition, the highest (46. 3 g) and the lowest (41. 4) thousand seed weight was achieved in the irrigation at 85% field capacity with application of 15 ton ha-1 vermicompost+ biosuper+ azotobacter+ 50% chemical fertilizer and irrigation at 55% field capacity with application of chemical fertilizer, respectively. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that the highest gross return was achieved by application of 100% chemical fertilizer (255, 25 and 25 kg ha-1 urea, triple superphosphate and potassium sulfate, respectively) and biofertilizers in the normal irrigation conditions (85% of field capacity).

Objective & Background: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the combined application of nitrogen and potassium biofertilizer at different levels of nitrogen and potassium chemical fertilizer on leaf yield and qualitative characteristics and of tobacco PVH19 cultivar. Materials & Methods: a field study was done in 2016-2017 cropping seasons. A randomized complete block design with 11 treatments and three replications was used at Tobacco Research Institute in Rasht. Treatments were combined of nitrogen and potassium fertilizer, potassium biofertilizer (Potabarvar2= BK) and nitrogen biofertilizer (Azetobarvar= BN). Treatments include: T1: control, T2: FK100+ FN100T3: FN100+FK75+BKT4: FN100+FK50+BKT5: FK100+FN75+BNT6: FK100+FN50+BNT7: FN75+B N+FK75+BKT8: FN75+BN+FK50+BKT9: FN50+BN+FK75+BK T10: FN50+BN+FK50+BK T11: BK+BN. Results: Mean comparison showed that maximum yield of green leaf (47867 kg. h-1) was obtained from FN100+FK50+BK treatment. Maximum dry matter income FN50+BN+FK50+BK treatment was 6695. 5 kg. ha-1. Result of qualitative analysis showed that the highest percentage of nicotine, reducing sugars and nitrogen percentage treatments were in FN75+BN+FK75+BK combined treatment. Result showed that maximum of percentage of potassium in leaves was obtained from FN50+BN+FK75+BK treatment. Conclusion: Results of this experiment showed that, using integrated biofertilizer and chemical fertilizer without significant decline in leaf yield of tobacco, could be reduce chemical fertilizer and its impacts on environment. Based on the results obtained from this study in order to increasing leaf yield and qualitative characteristics and of tobacco PVH19 cultivar was obtained from FN50+BN+FK50+BK treatment and was suggested in Rasht reign conditions.

Background & Objective: Essential elements in animal manure are needed at sufficient levels to complete the plant growth cycle and have an important effect on improving the quantitative and qualitative yield of Chicory plant. Thus, this study was done to investigate the effect of different levels of irrigation and animal manure on physiological characteristics of chicory. Materials & Methods: A factorial experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications at the Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University of Agriculture in 2017. Experimental treatments consisted of three levels of moisture (50, 70 and 90% of field capacity) and four levels of manure application (0, 10, 20 and 30 ton. ha-1). Results: The results showed that with delay in irrigation the content of photosynthetic pigments and DPPH radical scavenging were significantly decreased. However, the highest amount of malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide was obtained under severe stress conditions. Application of 30 ton/ha of manure increased chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll and carotenoid levels. The amount of hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde decreased significantly with increasing amounts of animal manure. Total phenol, flavonoid, phosphorus and potassium content increased by 39, 29, 25 and 27% in optimum irrigation conditions and 28, 25, 16 and 23% in moderate stress conditions and 22, 18, 14 and 20% in severe stress conditions, respectively, by application of 30 ton/ha of manure compared to the control treatment. Maximum protein percentage (19. 66%), biomass yield (2506. 83 kg. ha-1) and protein yield (493. 04. 04 kg. ha-1) were obtained at 30 ton/ha/ manure under optimum irrigation conditions. Conclusion: Therefore, according to the findings of this study, in the condition of water deficiate, application of animal manure in the condition of water deficiate, improved Cichorium medicinal plant performance and stability.

Background and Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of growth-enhancing bacteria on reducing the negative effects of cadmium heavy metal in two varieties of bread wheat. Materials and Methods: The experiment was performed on a completely randomized basis with three replications in the Mohaghegh Ardabili University. The experimental factors included two wheat cultivars (Gonbad and Karim), four levels of CdCl2. H2O (0, 75, 150 and 300 μ m) and three bacterial levels (control, Azotobacter Crococum and Pseudomonas potida). The grain yield, the amount of cadmium absorbed in the root, stem and seed organs and the activity of antioxidant enzymes were measured. Results: The maximum grain yield was observed in spike using Azotobacter. Examination of the results of the effect of cadmium on the measured agricultural traits showed the maximum of these traits in the control and the minimum in the highest concentration of cadmium. The highest amount of soluble sugars in both cultivars was obtained in the presence of cadmium and the lowest amount in the control treatment and Azotobacter was superior to Pseudomonas in this regard. Bacteria reduced proline in the presence of cadmium. In the case of antioxidant enzymes, the presence of cadmium increased the amount of catalase and peroxidase but reduced the amount of polyphenol oxidase. Conclusion: In general, the presence of bacteria reduced the toxicity of cadmium and the effect of the bacterium on the absorption of cadmium was significant and it was found that the Karim cultivar was more resistant to stress than the Gonbad cultivar.

Background and Objective: In order to evaluate the effect of Kitoplas growth stimulus under conditions of low irrigation stress on yield, morphological characteristics, and essential oil content of peppermint herb, a factorial experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Materials and Methods: Treatments included three levels of irrigation (intervals of 7, 14, and 21 days) and Kitoplas (0, 5, and 10 milliliters per liter). During the experiment, the spray was performed in three steps with a time interval of 15 days. One week after the last spraying, traits such as chlorophyll index, main stem diameter, stomatal resistance, the biological and economic yield of the plant, essential oil content, and percent were evaluated for each sample. Results: The results of the experiment showed that the interaction of water stress and growth stimulation treatment of Kitoplas on the physiological and morphological traits studied in the present study had a significant effect. The results of traits mean comparison showed that the highest amount and percentage of essential oil was observed in plants treated with 10 ml. L-1 of Kitoplas, which was 1. 01 mg per 30 g of samples and 3. 38%, respectively. On the other hand, with increasing water stress, flower spike length, plant dry weight, total chlorophyll, and stomatal conduction decreased significantly. Treatment with a 10 ml. l-1 Kitoplas growth stimulus under the terms of irrigation every 14 days, increased total chlorophyll index, fresh and dry weight, the number of nodes, and internodes. Conclusion: in the study of menthol and menthol esters in treated and irrigated plants, the highest amount of menthol (25. 31%) was observed in plants under the interaction of Kitoplas growth stimulus ether (5 ml) Under irrigation conditions, it was observed after every 7 days.

Background and Objective: The present study was performed to investigate the effect of growth media and humic acid on growth, flowering and vase life of lilium. Materials and Methods: The experiment was conducted as factorial in completely randomized design with four replications. The first factor was wood chip compost (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100%) and the second factor was humic acid at three levels (0, 250, 500 mg L-1). The control treatment consisted of peat moss + perlite (2: 1 V/V). Results: The results showed that the effect of growing media, humic acid and their interaction on stem height was significant. The highest stem height was observed in control medium at concentrations of 250 and 500 mg L-1 humic acid. The effect of media on the number of buds was significant. The highest number of buds was obtained in 25% and 75% of compost. The highest vase life was obtained in 100% compost and 500 mg L-1 humic acid. The lowest vase life was obtained at control treatment and 0 mg L-1 humic acid concentration. The highest amount of calcium was observed in 75% of compost and 500 mg L-1 humic acid. The highest leaf nitrogen was obtained in 100% compost and 500 mg L-1 humic acid. Conclusion: According to the results, wood chip compost and humic acid are effective in improving the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of lilium and can be substituted for peat moss.

Objectives: Investigating the relationship between diversity, total number of mites and number of adult and immature mites with the type of culture were the main objective of this experiment. Materials and Methods: In order to determine the frequency and diversity of Oribatida mites, regular and random sampling of different soil horizons belonging to 21 habitats of Marand region of East Azerbaijan province was performed in the summer of 2014. Sampling was performed by digging soil profiles and sampling from different horizons. After extracting the mites from the soil samples, microscopic slides of them were prepared and identified. Then, the texture type of the studied soils was determined. Finally, after calculating the Shannon-Wiener diversity index, the relationship between diversity, total number of mites and number of adult and immature mites with the type of culture was investigated using MSTAT-C software. Results: 59 species belonging to 44 genera and 28 families were collected and identified, most of which were adults. Among them Epilohmania cylindrica cylindrica and Discoppia (Cylindrappia) cylindrica species have the highest relative abundance. The dominant mite D. (Cylindroppia) cylindrica had the highest percentage in wheat fields. 9 species were collected only from pastures, 11 species only from wheat fields, 4 species only from sunflower fields and 4 species only from gardens. The highest diversity indices were obtained in mixed garden 3, sunflower fields and pastures and the lowest diversity indices were obtained in wheat fields. The diversity and number of adult and immature mites did not show significant differences in different cultures and horizons. The total number of mites did not show a significant difference in different cultures, but different horizons showed a significant difference in the total number of mites at a probability level of 5%. The second horizon had the highest number of mites and the third horizon showed a smaller number. The highest variability was observed in the second horizon and the lowest variability was observed in the third horizon. Among the cultures, sunflower had the highest number of mites. The interaction effect of cultivation and horizon was not significant in any of traits. The highest total number of mites was observed in the second horizon with clay loam texture in which the number of adult mites was more than immature mites. The greatest variability was observed in the first horizon with sandy clay loam texture. Conclusion: Based on the index of species diversity and frequency of mites obtained, it can be concluded that the types of crops and localities studied are on the same level in terms of contamination or noncontamination with chemicals and heavy metals. The difference in the frequency and variety of oribatid mites in different horizons is due to the sensitivity of these mites to moisture. Moisture in the upper soil horizon at the time of sampling has led to the migration of these mites to the second horizon with higher moisture content.

Background and Obgective: The research goal was identification the factors affecting the use of modern irrigation systems for sustainable agricultural development in rural areas of Bostan Abad city. Materials and Methods: The statistical population of the study was 19688 farmers on 43 villages of Bostan Abad city. The sample size was determined, 227 farmers by using Cochran formula and were selected by Sampling stage method. Data collected by a questionnaire with reliability coefficient 0. 75. According to the nominal scale of dependent variable, Logit regression model was used to test the research hypotheses. Results: The results showed that 76% of respondents had high water scarcity problem. Eighty-six percent of the farmers believed that the technology would increase crop yields and reduce agricultural water use. About 58 percent of farmers accepted pressure irrigation. Conciusion: Logit regression analysis showed variables: source of water, visibility of technology effects, the farmer's attitude, the amount of the loan, water ownership, employment, services, land water, extension class and farmer awareness of the technology have significant impact on the adoption of technology. These variables explained about 35% of the variance changes in the dependent variable.

Background and Objective: Climate change has had a significant impact on agriculture, and farmers are reacting differently. The purpose of this descriptive correlational study is to identify the Adaptation strategies used and the factors affecting farmers' behavior in this area. Materials and Methods: The statistical population of this apllied-correlational study consisted of all farmers of Zanjan province who 393 were selected by using Krejcie and Morgan sampling table and were selected through a multi-stage randomized sampling method. Results: The results showed that farmer's use of 14 adaptation strategies was above average and in other 15 strategies was below average and 79. 1% of farmers had used adaptation strategies on average. Correlation coefficient showed that climate perception, training attendance, adaptation knowledge, access to credit, nonagricultural income, agricultural income, rainfed land area, irrigated land area, access to inputs, use of information resources, social capital, soil quality of farm, farm expericne, household size and exposure to climate change had positive and significant relationship with farmers' adaptation strategies. Multiple linear regression showed that access to inputs, use of information resources, irrigated land area, social capital, training attendance, exposure to climate change and rainfed land area explainded 51. 4% of the variance of farmers' adaptation behavior. Conclusion: This study showed that the higher the human, social, and physical capital of farmers, and the more they have been affected by climate change in recent years, the more they use adaptation strategies. It is suggested that more planning be done to increase the human and social capital of farmers, as well as to inform farmers about the long-term effects of climate change on the agricultural sector.

Background and Objective: The purpose of this study was to identify the factors affecting the e-commerce boom for agricultural products in the world trade environment with an emphasis on agricultural sustainability. Agricultural products paid in 2018-19. Materials and Methods: The statistical population of the study consisted of companies and experts in e-commerce, from 236 identified companies 94 cases were obtained using Cochran formula and the samples were completely randomly collected. A researcher-made questionnaire was used to collect data. In order to analyze the data, exploratory factor analysis and Friedman test were used. Resykts: The validity of the questionnaire was used by experts in the field and Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0. 82 was used to determine the reliability of the questionnaire. It was confirmed. In this study, the factors affecting e-comerce were identified by exploratory factor analysis, which included various aspects, economic, political, educational, product features, environmental, infrastructure and security, and marketing. Conclusion: The results showed that total factors affecting e-commerce comprised of 25 factors can be classified into eight groups and Friedman test showed that they included economic, political, educational, and attributes, respectively. Product, environment, infrastructure and security and marketing.

Objective & Background: In the present study, considering the importance of virtual water consumption management and the need to pay attention to the issue of uncertainty in the agricultural sector, a cropping pattern to optimize virtual water consumption with emphasis on the uncertainty of rainfall and crop prices is presented for farmers in Sari Goharbaran. Materials & Methods: In order to achieve the objective, a mathematical programming model under uncertain conditions has been used to minimize virtual water consumption and to achieve the certainty equivalent based on the tail value at risk measure. Some of the required data, such as the belief degree of farmers about different levels of price and rainfall, were collected through interviews with the farmers in the study area in 2018. Finally, groupings were made for the belief degree and scale of the farmers' land. Results: The results indicated that the current cropping pattern is not optimal in terms of virtual water consumption and achieving certain profit. Comparison of the results of optimization of cropping pattern in different belief degree groups also showed that the proposed model in more subjective judgment groups and large scale land group, save more on virtual water consumption than more uncertain judgments and small scale land group. Conclusion: According to the results of this study, farmers in the region do not use water optimally in conditions of uncertainty, and the necessary measures should be taken in this regard.

Background & Objective: This study was conducted to investigate the effect of moving averages, olive yield, elimination of Biennial bearing effect and data purification to study yield stability of some olive genotypes. Materials & Methods: For this purpose, 100 genotypes and cultivars during 6 years, from 1391 to 96, were planted at Tarom Research Station in Zanjan province. This experiment was performed based in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. After collecting performance data based on kilogram / tree, in order to correct the data and eliminate the noise caused by the Biennial bearing effect of annoying, data analysis was performed based on the original and corrected data, respectively. Results: The results showed that the environmental component of the total variance for the corrected data decreased from 35. 74% to 19. 61%. Also, the heritability component increased from 15. 02 to 38. 51%. The paired t-test for the pair of corresponding years confirmed the significant difference between the mean and the corrected mean data. Using genotypic variation coefficient and mean yield, it was determined that at least three genotypes 'NO7', 'KHBA' and ' MANZANILLA' of state change are in stability. Also, with respect to eight other computational stability parameters, in most cases, genotypes were ranked with rank change Conclusion: Finally, it was determined that interfering with or eliminating the Biennial bearing effects can significantly affect the selection of stable genotypes. According the importance of eliminating the effects of Biennial bearing during the study period, it is necessary to apply the calculations on genetic material to the corrected data to determine the truth of the genetic potential of genotypes to show true and heritability compatibility.

Background and Objective: One of the major problems at present time is the pollution of aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems due to the introduction of pollutants of human origin. Agricultural management to maximize resources utilization and reduce environmental impacts, in addition to protecting resources, will increase the incomes of local farmers. Materials and Methods: The present research, using nonlinear multi-objective programming (MOP) with aimed to maximize net profit and minimize environmental impacts, including the aquatic ecotoxicity, terrestrial ecotoxicity, terrestrial acid/nutrition, land occupation, aquatic acidification and aquatic eutrophication through optimum cropping pattern for the east of Lorestan Province. Results: In the proposed MOP cropping pattern, urea under cultivation of sugar beet increased by 22% and bean 2% compared to the current pattern and urea under cultivation of canola reduced by 50%, potato 34%, chickpea 21%, barley 4% and lentil 3% compared to the current pattern. The implementation of this model in the region reduced the emissions of heavy metals and pesticides into the aquatic ecosystem (19669315 ton) and terrestrial ecosystem (57807822 ton), SO2 to the air (3627 ton) and PO4 to the soil (1003 kg) compared to the existing situation. Conclusion: According to the results of this study, the conservation of ecosystems is necessary to optimize the cropping pattern. Using the proposed model, in addition to selecting the appropriate model and optimizing the use of water and land resources, we can take steps to increase profits and reduce environmental impacts on the ecosystem.

Background and Objective: This study was done to investigate the effects of different irrigation frequency with tape system on quinoa yield and yield components in spring at Yazd. Materials and Methods: The experiments were conducted as a randomized complete block design with different irrigation frequency (3, 7, 10, 14, 17 and 20 days) and in three replications. Electrical conductivity of irrigation water was 10 dS. m-1. At the end of the study, quinoa harvest was done manually and after drying, plant height, panicle length, panicle width, number of branch, number of panicle per plant, 1000-seed weight, dry biomass, grain yield and harvest index were measured and the effect of different irrigation frequency on these parameters were investigated. Results: The results showed significant effect of irrigation interval on all studied traits except panicle width and number of panicle per plant. The highest biomass (9. 7 ton. ha-1), seed yield (3. 2 ton. ha-1) and harvest index (39. 14%) were observed in 10, 3 and 3 days irrigation interval, respectively. The lowest biomass (6. 8 ton. ha-1), seed yield (1. 7 ton. ha-1) and harvest index (25. 2 %) was observed in 20 days irrigation interval. Results of correlation coefficients showed that seed yield was highly correlated with 1000-seed weight (r = 0. 821**) and Panicle length (r = 0. 711**). Conclusion: Water use efficiency of quinoa varied from 0. 24 to 0. 62 kg m-3 at different treatments of applied water. According to this index, the optimum irrigation frequency of quinoa and the applied water volume by the drip irrigation system (tape) were about 14 days and 4350 m3 ha-1, respectively, which is recommended under conditions similar to the this study.

Background and Objective: The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of fertilizer treatments on some morpho-physiological traits, yield and yield components and oil of rapeseed (cv. Delgan) under different levels of water supply. Materials and Methods: A field experiments was conducted in two years of 2018 and 2019 as split-plot based on RCB design in three replications. Irrigation intervals as irrigation after 70, 100, 130 and 160 mm evaporation from class A pan were located in main plots and fertilizer treatments as F0: control, F1: chemical fertilizer (nitrogen and phosphorus), F2: inoculation with plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), F3: vermicompost and F4: combined fertilization (1/3 F1 + 1/3 F3 + inoculation PGPR) were allocated to sub-plots. Results: Leaf temperature increased under drought stress, but the amount of nitrogen and phosphorus in rapeseed leaves, leaf water content, plant height, stem diameter, number of branches and leaves per plant, length and number of siliques per plant, grains per silique, plant biomass, and subsequently grain yield per plant were decreased. Application of fertilizer treatments, especially the combination of bio-fertilizers and chemical fertilizers (F4), improved all these traits (except stem diameter) and resulted in increased rapeseed plant yield, particularly under moderate (I3) and severe (I4) stresses. Oil percentage was also improved in the treatments inoculated with the growth promoting bacteria. Conclusion: Increasing oil percentage and grain yield eventually increased oil yield of rapeseed plants. It was concluded that combination of chemical and bio-fertilizers could be an effective method to improve field and economic (oil) performance of rapeseed plants under water stress conditions.