Police Historical Studies
Year:2021 | Volume:7 | Issue:27|Papers Count:6

The northern provinces are among the main areas involved in World War II in Iran. During the years of occupation of Iran in World War II, the northern cities and villages of the country were not immune from the direct and indirect consequences of attacks. The type of consequences that the researchers want in this research are security-police consequences. Observing the oppression of the occupiers, the inability and inefficiency of the government to realize the rights of all our compatriots against the aggression of the occupiers, etc. are among the hardships happened to the people of the north of our country. This article seeks to answer the question that what were the security and police consequences of the World War II in the northern cities of Iran through descriptive and historical research method and the use of relevant documents as well as conversations with the northern settlers? In fact, this article takes a new look at World War II in Iran and finally in northern Iran. Findings show that the failure of cultural security and censorship, damage to economic security and inflation, disruption of government exports from the north, the suspension of special government projects, weakening supervision and enforcement of government laws, extortion and looting of people's property, health insecurity, outbreaks of disease, escalating civil strife, blatant violations by the occupiers, temporary evacuation of police and security facilities in the north, social dissatisfaction due to the impacts of the occupation, security problems caused by the presence of war refugees, increased espionage activities and the fifth pillar, were some of the security and police consequences of the World War II in the northern cities of the country.

The fall of the Safavid dynasty by the Afghans in 1137 AH / 1725 AD was the consequence of a series of intertwined crises leading to the collapse of the Iranian political, economic and social system, as well as the loss of security and the emergence of new claimants to power. Among these nascent claimants was Nader Gholi, the next Nader Shah, who was surprisingly able to seize power while overcoming other claimants. Close to Tahmaseb II of Safavid dynasty, Nader confronted his most well-known enemies: Ashraf Afghan, who controlled Isfahan, and the Ottoman Empire, which was able to conquer significant parts of Iran. The main question of this study is what was the determining factor of Nader's success in gaining power after a short time he joined the Safavid Tahmasb II, the expulsion of the Afghans from Iran, and finally taking over the royal position? The research method of the article is descriptive-analytical using authoritative historical books of that period. Findings of research on Nader's military strategy indicated his tireless efforts to create and equip a ready-made army based on Nader's presence to pave the way for the realization of his political strategy of gaining power. In addition, Nader sought to defeat his enemies, especially the Afghans, with his unparalleled command and the use of various military tactics, such as the element of surprise, siege and trapping.

The Achaemenids were more concerned with justice and its implementation than anything else, which entails social discipline, and sought to consider justice beyond its individual dimension in the social dimension, given the role of the state. Considering the close relationship between justice, order and security, the present study seeks to answer the question that how the formulation of law and justice of the Achaemenid kings affected social order? The research method is descriptive-analytical based on a documentary-library study and the purpose of this research is to explain the effect of legal laws and the justice of kings in ensuring order and security in Achaemenid period. The findings show that many of the decrees of the Achaemenid kings were issued with a legal theme and included two types of divine law and royal law. One reason to issue these orders and the justice of the Achaemenid kings is to ensure order and security in the country. The results of this study also consider the influence of religion on the enactment of laws by the Achaemenid kings. The purpose of its implementation and the emphasis of the kings on justice is to create a government whose domain is wisdom, truth and goodness and justice brings order to the city and country. People can live in peace and security under the laws, and expand the manifestations of material life, and the manifestation of these laws must be the spread of law in the world and the prosperity and well-being that comes with it.

Armaments and military techniques have undergone a process of adaptation, regeneration and more or less continuous development, and the evolution of the manufacture and use of firearms has been a milestone in the history of militarism. In this regard, the present study, citing historical reports, seeks to investigate the emergence of the modern phenomenon of firearms in the military organization of the Aghkuyunlu Turkmen period. The research method is descriptive-analytical and relies on library and documentary sources. The central question of the present study is how did the firearms affect the political-military developments of the Aghkuyunlu Turkmen period? The results of research show that from 823 AH / 1420 AD onwards-about 100 years before the battle of Chaldoran-Aghkuyunlus were familiar with the modern phenomenon of firearms, including cannons, and used them in their wars. The use of firearms in this period, in addition to causing fear and weakening the morale of the enemy military force and retreating the enemy, could be effective in changing the fate of wars and ultimately change the balance of power in the political-military arena.

The second Pahlavi government used the punishment of deportation to control its opponents and to drive them out of power; Therefore, choosing the right exile helped the government achieve its goal. The official policy of the government was to designate exiles in faraway and bad climate areas; But the opposition of the people in exile was a challenge, so what was done was different from what had been enacted. Using a descriptive-analytical method this study seeks to answer the question that whether the bad climate and remoteness were the criteria to select and change the exiles of the Pahlavi period and what challenges did the government face in this choice? The findings of this study show that there was a contradiction in the circulars to determine exiles on one hand and the general approach of the government on the other hand. The government designated cities as exiles which were not of bad weather or far from the center, but insisted that the exile must be in remote and bad climate areas. The main reason for this discrepancy in law and practice was the dissatisfaction of the people and local authorities with their cities being used as the exile. Each exile was looking for a reason to exclude it's city from the list of exiles. The government's policy of deporting clerics is somewhat similar in terms of practice and opinion, but the examination of documents regarding other deportees does not show the same procedure in this period, and frequently this general policy has been acted on the contrary.

Archaeological studies on the margins of the Central Desert and Lut Desert of Iran indicate important roads which have been created to connect cities and populated centers, and the presence of architectural remains, especially the caravanserai on the side of these roads, shows their importance. These roads have been built for various economic, military, social, cultural and other purposes. Crossing desert roads, in addition to harsh environmental conditions and the distance of villages and cities from each other, posed a risk of bandits attacking caravans and passers-by. Therefore, in addition to building resorts which sometimes had defensive structures, the governments of that time construacted other structures such as castles and military towers on the important roads to supply security. In terms of architectural use of castles, there is a lot of diversity, and according to its use and location, it is different in size and architectural spaces. However, most of these structures are important from a defensive point of view and are examples of military architecture. Moshkour Castle located in the Nayband, a protected Area of South Khorasan, is one of the most important defense structures on the Khorasan-Kerman road. This castle was probably built in the Safavid to Qajar period to protect the caravans crossing this important route which connected the cities of central and southern Iran to northern Khorasan. The research method is descriptive-analytical and data was collected in a field and library method, then data was analyzed using historical documents such as geographical books and travelogues. The main question of this research is that what is the role of Moshkour Castle in providing security in the region and the margin of Lut desert? And are other structures designed around it? The results show that to provide the security of important roads passing through the central cities of Iran, especially the deserts, the defense and military structures have been constructed to secure the lives and property of the caravans, adjacent to this castle and storage basin to settle passengers and caravans along the Khorasan and Kerman roads. In fact, the architectural spaces of the stuied area have been constructed between the two houses of Cheshmeh Abgarm and Nayband caravanserai.