Research in Medicine
Year:2016 | Volume:40 | Issue:2 |Papers Count:12

Backgroundm: Enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC), after enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) is the leading cause of traveler’s diarrhea in developing and developed countries. According to importance of chronic diarrhea, especially in children, and inappropriate traditional methods, and insufficient information about frequency of EAEC, molecular techniques can be very helpful. In the current study, EAEC frequency were evaluated among E.coli isolates among patients with and without diarrhea, which were referred to selected hospitals of Tehran using PCR.Materials and Methods: In this case-control study, 165 diarrheal and 165 non-diarrheal samples were tested for E.coli using culture methods. Then DNA of isolates was extracted by the boiling method. All E. coli isolates were investigated for the presence of uidA gene. EAEC pathotypes were identified by amplification of the aggR gene using PCR. The statistical analysis was performed by chi-square and fisher tests.Results: By culture methods, among 165 diarrheal and 165 non-diarrheal samples, 154 and 146 E. coli isolates were detected, respectively. According to uidA gene PCR results, 140 of diarrheal and 136 of non-diarrheal E.coli isolates were confirmed and others were excluded. The aggR gene was detected in 6 (4.28%) E. coli isolates of diarrheal and not found in non-diarrheal isolates.Conclusion: The results showed that EAEC pathotypes have remarkable role in diarrhea, which is usually ignored due to weakness of culture methods. According to importance of diarrhea, especially in infants and immune compromised patients, applying molecular methods such as PCR can be helpful for diagnosis and treatment of acute and life-threatening cases.

Background: Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most common non-skin cancer and the second leading cause of cancer death among men in the world. Growth, maintenance and the expression of genes involved in the production of steroids, may alter the susceptibility of prostate cancer. One such gene, CYP1B1 (cytochrome P450, family 1, subfamily B, polypeptide 1) is involved in the activation of many carcinogens and in the metabolism of steroid hormones. It catalyzes the formation of 4-hydroxyestradiol, a carcinogenic metabolite that retains significant estrogenic activity. CYP1B1 is a member of the CYP1 gene family and one of the major enzymes involved in the hydroxylation of estrogens, a reaction of key relevance in hormonal carcinogenesis. The purpose of this study was to determine the association of CYP1B1 gene polymorphism with prostate cancer risk among Iranians and North Indian populations.Material and Methods: PCR-RFLP analysis of this gene was performed on 150 prostate cancer patients admitted to the Department of Urology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Science and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India, and 150 patients from Imam Khomeini Hospital, Tehran, Iran, compared with equal number of matching controls for each group visiting same centers for other reason. Then the data was analyzed with the computer software SPSS for windows (version 19), using logistic regression.Results: We found an increased association between Leu/Val genotype and prostate cancer risk among Iranians (OR, 2.95; 95% CI, 1.22-7.13, p=0.016) and Indian populations (OR, 2.52; 95% CI, 1.14-5.54, p=0.022). There was no significant association for risk of prostate cancer in individuals carrying the CYP1B1 Val/Val genotype in both groups.Conclusion: An increased risk of prostate cancer in people carrying heterozygosity of Leu/432 has been found in theses populations.

Background: Previous studies have shown that impulsive or uncontrolled behaviors in addicts to obtain the drug and drug abuse may be due to overcome of one of the brain/behavioral systems. In this study we sought to answer the question whether overcoming can be associated with relapsing or not.Materials and methods: The method of research was causative-comparative. To achieve our aim, we categorized addicted people with relapse and non-relapse in two groups, each group comprising 31 subjects were selected by available sampling method and evaluated on Gray-Wilson personality questionnaire. Data analysis has been completed for comparison on each independent group by t-Test.Results: The results indicated that behavioral activation system and fight subscale in addicts with relapse was significantly different with (greater than) non-relapse people. The behavioral inhibition system was not significantly different in two groups.Conclusion: Results showed, specific biological characteristics can be considered as risk factors for addiction.Moreover, in the field of prevention and treatment, consideration of these characteristics and sensitivities are very useful.

Background: Insulinoma tumor is the most common endocrine tumor of pancreas and is diagnosed by clinical symptoms (whipple’s triad) and paraclinical laboratory test results. Surgery is the main treatment. Optimum utilization of tumor localization techniques can minimize the loss of surgery complications and outcome of surgery in these patients. Aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic power of tumor localization by radiologic methods and surgeon palpation and compare these methods to propose useful recommendations for treatment of patients. Finally, we want to propose a diagnostic algorithmic approach according to available radiologic tools in our country.Method and materials: First, referral suspicious insulinoma patients from endocrinology ward of Taleghani hospital studied with CT scan and endosonography to localize tumor and then they are transferred to OR for surgery. After exploration of pancreas during surgery, pancreas is palpated exactly by experienced surgeon to localize tumor and findings are registered, then intraoperative sonography is completed and again findings are registered. Then appropriate surgery according to our study (pancreatectomy or enucleation) is done. After surgery we followed patients checking BS and pathology report. Finally, we calculated the power of the mentioned methods in localization of insulinoma tumor in comparison with pathology report as a gold standard.Results: Positive predictive value of CT scan, endosonography, intraoperative sonography and surgeon palpation in order was %85.7, %92.3, %83.3 and %83.3 and the negative predictive value of CT scan, endosonography, intraoperative sonography and surgeon palpation in order was %66.6, %75, %27.2 and %40.Conclusion: CT scan did not help in diagnosis and treatment of patients in presence of other localization methods. Endosonography in this study had the highest accuracy. Finally, recommended diagnostic algorithmic approach seems to be useful in treatment of insulinoma patients. The diagnostic power of this algorithmic approach needs more evaluation.

Background: Adolescence is the most important period of life and biological, psychological and social changes form in adolescents, which can be affected by social and family factors, and its effects will stay until the end of life. Recognition of mental disorders in this age group and the factors influencing them can be effective in preventing and reducing future problems. The purpose of this study was to compare depression level among 19-12 year old adolescents with addicted parent and non-addicted parents.Materials & Methods: The method of this study was historical cohort and 134 adolescents with the age 19-12 years old with addicted parents who admitted in therapeutic centers in Rasht in 1390 and 134 adolescents with non-addicted parents that were matched in terms of age, sex, education and economic status, were selected by available sampling. Then DASS42- and demographics and substance abuse questionnaires were administered among both groups. SPSS16-, were used for data analysis.Results: The results showed that there were significant differences between the mean score of depression among two groups of adolescents (X18.59=1, X7.54=2, p<0.05). Regression analysis also demonstrated that there was a direct positive correlation between the age of adolescents and their depression scores (p<0.05). In addition, there was a direct positive correlation between adolescents depression scores and the duration of addiction in their parents (p<0.05). The number of adolescents with addicted parent who have depression was greater than adolescents with non-addicted parents and depression severity was greater in the case group.Conclusions: Parents' addiction has an important role in depression of their adolescents. Therefore, the child and adolescent mental health improvement programs, coping skills training can be an effective step towards the development of mental health.

Background: Bioaerosols are suspended particles in air that contain organic compounds or microorganisms which moved by air flow or other physical factors and can transmit microorganisms, especially pathogens. The purpose of this study was to survey of resistance bacteria to disinfectants and antibiotics in the air at several subway stations.Materials and Methods: In this study, sampling was performed in the air subway stations. After bacterial speciesidentification, antibiotic resistance against various antimicrobial agents was performed by disk diffusion and broth dilution methods. The presence of qacA/B gene was studied in sensitive and resistant S. aureus and E. coli strains by PCR methods.Results: In the current study, the prevalence of gram negative strains were lower than gram positive strains. Moreover, most strains were S. aureus and E. faecalis and the latest isolates were E. coli, respectively. The highest and lowest prevalence of qacA/B genes were S. aureus (23%) and E. coli (7%).Conclusion: Due to the presence of pathogenic strains that can cause illness, it is necessary that cleaning to be done in subway stations using combinations of strong disinfectant. With regard to the availability and ease of use of sodium hypochlorite, is recommended that 5% sodium hypochlorite to be used and the other detergents be used periodically in order to prevent resistant of bacteria.

Background: Salmonellosis is a zoonotic disease of human and animals. One of the most important serovars in human, livestock and poultry is Salmonella enteritidis, which is a worldwide common foodborne pathogen. Conventional culture, biochemical and serological methods has been shown to have limited value as molecular analysis tool with low discriminatory power but molecular typing methods such as REP-PCR produced DNA profiles for differentiation and characterization of Salmonella strains. The aim of this study was differentiation of isolates of Salmonella enteritidis by molecular fingerprinting method based on repeated sequences (rep-PCR).Materials and Methods: In a cross-sectional study, 64 isolates of Salmonella Enteritidis from various sources (cows, poultry and humans) were studied by rep-PCR method and REP1R and REP2I primers. The molecular patterns were determined on the basis of the existence or absence of DNA fragments were separated according to their size by agarose gel electrophoresis. By using a computer program NTSYS, dendrogram were drawn.Results: The number of 5-14 bands with the approximate size ranging from 100 to 3, 000 base pairs with a common fragment (400 bp) were observed. The number of molecular profiles obtained by REP1R and REP2I primers for 64 isolates of Salmonella Enteritidis was 38 profiles. The similarities between avian and human isolates based on cluster analysis were more than bovine isolates and about 72% to 81%. However, a bovine strain known as B13 was found with 82% similarity to human strains.Conclusion: In this study, rep-PCR demonstrated a high discriminatory power in analyzing Salmonella Enteritidis isolates. High heterogeneity (92.8%) was measured in a population of 64 different isolates of Salmonella enteritidis by Shannon-Wiener index. Meanwhile, according to the results, Salmonella enteritidis strains isolated from poultry and human have more similarities together (almost 72-81%) than bovine strains (48% similarity). Therefore, it suggests that epidemiologically risk of human infections caused by Salmonella enteritidis strains, which originates from poultry and its products is higher.

Background: Students, especially medical students are in position which is full of psychic and physical stresses and also they have important roles in future society. Because of this, without self confident and low happiness state of these students have chronic undesirable effects on society health. Therefore, it was important to measure their happiness level and do something if needed. According to the importance of this issue, this research was performed to determine happiness level among medical students of 2-6 semesters in Shahid Beheshti Medical University.Methods: Through a cross sectional study, 212 of medical students were randomly selected. Data were collected by using Oxford Happiness Questionnaire. Data were analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests.Results: The mean scores of happiness among medical students were estimated 4.27 and for male and female students were 4.18 and 4.38, respectively. The mean scores of happiness among students living in dormitory and other students were 4.19 and 4.30 respectively. There were no statistically significant relationships between level of happiness by gender and habitancy. The mean score of happiness among different semesters showed that in the second semester this score is the lowest (4.12) and in the sixth semester is the highest (4.58).Conclusion: Although, happiness of students were not desirable, but not worrying. There was no relationship between level of happiness by gender, habitancy and state of origin. The level of happiness in the early semesters was lower than the late semesters.

Background: A 5-year old boy with leukemia (ALL) was admitted to Mahak hospital. He had a history of surgery a few weeks ago and has an arm port in his left arm. Routine urine analysis showed no evidence of abnormalities. Blood culture was positive for Serratia marcescens. The bacteria was also isolated from the culture of port in EMB, blood agar and chocolate agar. Antibiotic susceptibility test was carried out by disk diffusion method according to CLSI guidelines. Serratia marcescens was sensitive to Amikacin, Imipenem, Gentamicin, Meropenem and intermediate to Ciprofloxacin, Co-trimoxazole, Ceftazidime, and resistant to Cefixime, Amoxicillin, Cephalexin, Cefazolin, Erythromycin, Norfloxacin, Tobramycin, Piperacillin, cephalothin, Tetracycline, Doxycycline, Co-amoxiclav, Ceftriaxone. The patient was treated with ceftazidime. After taking out the port, the next blood culture was negative.Conclusions: Serratia marcescens is an organism that has the ability to cause bacteremia, especially among immune compromised patients and leukemic children.