ARMANSHAHR
Year:2020 | Volume:13 | Issue:32|Papers Count:23

In recent decades, there has been considerable attention to the landscape and its relationship with the users’ perception in the educational and academic environments. Given the impact of the environmental design on the education quality, the current study investigates the visual qualities of the educational spaces based on the users’ recommendations in the Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, as the educational center in the eastern part of the country. Therefore, theoretical and practical methods were used to achieve the research purpose. In the theoretical aspect, using the qualitative-quantitative method and case study, the current research analyzed the findings. In this regard, the books and papers were also used. Then, the indicators and criteria of the visual quality based on the theorists’ opinions were extracted in the theoretical part. In the practical part, the questionnaire and field study was applied. Out of 1775, 200 users were selected randomly among the students, professors, and the university staff in three zones of the university site. The Q-sort method was used to analyze the questionnaire and investigate the preferences of the user’ s quantitative (scores) and qualitatively (the reasons for scores). Then, the degree of conformity or non-conformity of the components affecting the visual qualities of space users with the views of theorists was measured. The research results show that the initial principal criteria in determining the visual qualities of the educational spaces based on the preference and opinion of the users in the studied site are as follows: proper vegetation and greenness of the space, using the proper color, proper space furniture, and their optimal location, using the natural elements and the use of the prominent and suitable element. Also, the factors such as the lack of using suitable and green vegetation, the lack of appropriate furniture and inappropriate location, unclean space, lack of discipline and calm in the space layout are the main components of the lack of desirability (lack of visual quality) based on the users of the university.

Achieving urban and regional development through increasing efficiency of plans is one of the most important objectives for states in the 20th Century. Following the end of World War II and the need to rebuild devastated cities, the comprehensive planning model was criticized for its purely physical, inflexible, and incompatible attention to the rapid changes of urban settlements. Therefore, simple-comprehensive planning replaced with a rational-comprehensive approach, which provided a strategic attitude. In the planning system of Iran, which devised comprehensive planning, it became clear to the planners that rational – comprehensive programs were not realized. Thus, strategic-structural planning was introduced and supported which led to prepare strategic-structural plans for some metropolises including Tehran. The lack of legal and institutional redefinition of this approach in the planning environment (Tehran) caused the preparation process of the plan encountered some problems during the planning process and affected the realization and achievement of the project goals. The purpose of this paper is identifying the institutional deficiencies and contradictions of the Tehran strategic-structural plan (TSPP) with the principles and values of the strategic planning framework to increase its feasibility and efficiency. In order to achieve this goal, first, the present study determines institutional criteria to compare TSPP with strategic planning which can increase the effectiveness of planning institutions. Secondly, a comparative analysis is carried out to determine inconsistencies of TSPP with the main principles of strategic planning. Based on the achievements of this paper, despite the tendency and attention towards institutionalism at all stages of the plan preparation, the plan (TSPP) lacks any action to improve this approach and, in this respect, needs to be revised in both areas of quantitative and qualitative requirements to be realized within the framework of strategic planning.

The current research aims to identify the housing attributes and the components of each one of these attributes based on the stated preferences of the housing in the meaning structure and means-end methods. Since the attributes are the basis of most of the analytical methods and techniques of the housing preferences, therefore, it will not be possible to achieve the latent meanings and values in the preferences of the residents without recognizing them to provide high-quality housing. To achieve this purpose, first, a list of the studies conducted on the housing preferences, the research method of which had been the meaning structure, and the means-end chain was provided using the systematic review and purposive sampling method. The qualitative information was analyzed using the descriptive method, and then, using the content analysis method, the inferential analysis was explained, providing the purpose-content tables. The presented theoretical approach in the current study provided this opportunity to consider three constituent levels of the conceptual models of the meaning structure (attribute, manifest function-latent function), and means-end chain (attribute-consequence-value) as the attributes of housing in various people. The results showed that the main constituent housing attributes could be divided into seven main groups, including meanings and values, behavior settings system, constituent components and elements of space, physical attributes, function, quality, and affordance. Based on the implemented analysis, the physical characteristics (23. 2%), constituent components and elements of space (16. 2%), behavior settings system (16. 2%), meanings and values (14. 1%), quality (12. 1%), affordance (10. 1%), and function (8. 1%), had the maximum and minimum frequencies among the housing attributes, respectively, indicating the relative attraction and importance of most of these attributes for the residents, based on their stated preferences (respondents in the selected studies)

A cemetery refers to a special place with a narrative landscape reminiscent of many historical events, and most importantly, resurrection and death. Neglecting old cemeteries will gradually lead to its transmutation. This has caused these places to be forgotten in the identity structure of many contemporary cities and their role to be diminished in the minds of citizens and given a change of use. This study mainly aims to investigate the significant role of human components in the revival of abandoned cemeteries. This study seeks to answer the question, "What are the human layer components among the different layers of the cemetery landscape? " And how to facilitate the revival of the cemetery landscape and strengthen the position attached to it in the city identity structure using this layer by reading and improving its quality. Accordingly, the concepts and layers that make up the urban landscape, especially the cemetery landscape, as a part of the urban landscape with its constituent layers were studied. More attention was paid to one of the layers (i. e., the human factor layer) as the anchor layer using descriptive-analytical research and desk research. Then, the effective components in the human landscape layer (collective, semi-collective, and individual) were prioritized. Finally, the effect of this layer on other layers was investigated for application by analyzing the obtained data using field research, especially interviews with students of Landscape Architecture (those specializing in designing such places), Tarbiat Modares University. The Results section introduces several strategies to effectively revitalize and strengthen the narrative landscape of abandoned intra-city cemeteries.

The quality of the environment is one of the influential parameters in the efficiency of the universities. Evaluating the students’ satisfaction with the quality of the educational space is a principal criterion in measuring environmental quality. In the current study, using the post-occupancy method, as one of the valid methods in evaluating the artificial spaces, these factors were investigated among the students in the faculty of art and architecture of the Islamic Azad University, Tabriz branch, as one of the largest and comprehensive educational centers in architecture in the region. The current study identifies the solutions to increase the satisfaction of the users with the architectural body and enhance the quality of the educational environment to improve the efficiency of the educational spaces. The study, in the form of applied research, was conducted in two phases of qualitative and quantitative study using library documents and field studies, and resources. The analytical results in the SPSS software showed that the environmental quality is a result of a set of factors that to improve its level which increases through an increase in the satisfaction level of students with the educational space and improvement of the efficiency, paying attention to all these factors is necessary. The results indicate that the manifestation of the cultural symbols and values and inducing the sense of place were the students’ considerations at first. Then, the location of the complex site and the extent of the possibility of using urban infrastructure facilities in the metropolitan area has a direct and positive effect on the desirability of space from the perspective of users.

The role of the architecture education environment as an influential model in the mental pattern of the architecture students and their education as future professional architects is of significance. According to the practical nature of the architecture lessons that require the students’ presence and their interaction to improve the learning process, it can be supposed that through creating sociability as a qualitative feature of the education environment, the students’ learning can be improved. The current research studies the influential environmental factors on the sociability in the architecture education environment that its features can contribute to improving and facilitating the learning process. Therefore, the main research question is which influential factors affect sociability in the physical environment of architecture education, and what are the relationships between them, and how much is their relative weight? Therefore, after identifying the initial concepts, the suggested model of the influential factors was presented through logical analysis and deductive reasoning. Then, the validity of the recommended model in the architecture education environment was measured using Fuzzy Delphi methods. In the next step, the DEMATEL method was applied to measure the relationships between the factors, and using the Analytic Network Process (ANP), the significance and weight of each one of the factors were evaluated. The obtained results presented six groups of the influential factors on the sociability in the architecture education environment that are as follows: physical elements, architectural-spatial factors, aesthetics meanings, sense of security, perceptual-meaning, and activity-functional. Physical elements and architectural-spatial factors were obtained as causal variables among the main factors that have a strong driving power and weak dependence in the design of the sociability in the architecture education environment. Also, activity-functional factors gained the maximum weight and significance among the main factors.

In addition to providing shelter, the house is a complex created to provide various services and supply the needs of residents. Paying attention to meet satisfaction is significantly vital while determining the residence location. Residential satisfaction is obtained when a person’ s needs are met by the place. Since people are the most fundamental factor in architecture, considering residential satisfaction and investigating the influential factors in its improvement is vital for the architects and designers. The criteria for estimating satisfaction in four aspects of physical, human, functional, and contextual were considered in the current paper to investigate satisfaction improvement and its influential factors. Various and influential factors on satisfaction are studied using this comprehensive classification, and studying sub-sets of each one of these aspects includes an extensive range of the effective factors on residential satisfaction. A questionnaire was distributed in the Elahieh Residential Complex to study these factors better. The reason for selecting this complex was their retired and employed academic residents that are gathered in a complex from different parts of Tehran. Therefore, they have different tastes and perspectives. First, satisfaction and its influential factors were studied. Then, the questionnaire was analyzed, and the influential factors on satisfaction were ranked. According to the obtained results, the physical aspects such as green space, accesses, collective space, landscape and view, and the dimensions of the residential units are of the most importance. Then, the contextual aspects (Hygiene and complex maintenance, preferring living in a complex to a single house), human aspects (social interactions and neighborhood), and functional aspects (recreational-commercial services and facilities) are ranked, respectively.

The architecture of the temperate and humid climate of Iran has features that evolved uniquely over many years and under the influence of environmental factors. These features led to using the particular patterns in the architecture and housing architecture in particular. The rural houses of the north of Iran were uniquely created under the influence of environmental factors such as geography, climate, economy, culture, and social conditions. The architecture of this region is a response to the behavioral and climatic needs of the local people by relying on the regional and natural facilities. The case study was the rural houses of West Gilan that were studied in four geographical classifications of coastal plain, plain, foothill, and mountain. The research method was the analytical-descriptive method. The results were presented using the statistical data analysis extracted from the software. Therefore, the samples were selected non-random sampling method, considering the purposive method and consideration. The components of the functional efficiency in the structure of the rural houses were studied using the Space Syntax method and Igraph software. The results indicate that the pattern of rural housing of Gilan has a single layer structure and enjoys a shallow depth. The maximum connection between the house and the outdoor is through the porch. Also, access to other spaces is through the porch and then telaar. The porch is the shallowest and the most connected space element that is responsible for connecting the outdoor spaces and the other spaces, and telaar is the second element. The porch and telaar increase the connectivity degree and better connection between the yard space and other internal spaces, resulting in improving the function between the spaces generally.

The space layout in the functional plans is the most significant part of every architectural design. The inappropriate space layout leads to the plan inefficiency in the considered function. Industrial engineers use many algorithms to arrange the factories’ facilities. Given the advances in computer science, it is assumed that algorithms can be applied to achieve the desired space layout in architectural designs. In order to apply algorithms, it is required to provide methods that algorithms or using them direct the space layout to apply algorithms. The current research aims to investigate the given primary models based on these methods. The main purpose of this research is to focus on selecting a model that can be used to model spatial relations by emphasizing the functional proximity of spaces in the early stages of design and without involving the designer with dimensions and sizes. Also, this model can be developed to apply dimensions and sizes in the next steps. The given models for each one of these methods are presented using the systematic review method to conduct this research. There are three main models in this regard; the first model includes single-variable optimization. The second model is based on Graph theory, and the third model is related to multi-criteria optimization. Given the importance of the functional proximity of the spaces in the functional plans, and conceptual equivalence of space syntax theory with graph theory, and the possible analysis of its functional relations, the second model is a desirable and flexible model for designers to use.

The current study evaluates the impact of the building form and street relationship on the human behavioral patterns in urban physical spaces. The relationship between the building form and the street is a significant factor in the connectivity of spaces and their quality. Understanding the relationship between the spaces and determining the valuation criteria of their quality by the citizens plays a significant role in their behavioral patterns. The research hypothesis claims that the perception and criteria of the relationship between the building form and street are different, and their effects on the human behavioral patterns might be different regarding the place and the space users. The current study examined two sequences of Valiasr Street in Tehran. The first sequence is from Valiasr Square to Valiasr Intersection, and the second sequence is from Rahahan square to Moulavi Intersection. The research method is an analytical descriptive. Also, using the survey method, the current study was conducted in the fuzzy logic framework. The research results indicate a variation in the relationship between the building form and street and human behavioral patterns. However, the criteria of the relationship between the building form and street in the urban physical spaces are different based on the extent and type of the citizens’ behavior. Also, the impact of the relationship between the urban form and street in the behavioral patterns of the human is different based on the cultural differences among the citizens and the characteristics of the urban space of different sequences of the Valiasr Street of Tehran. The results also showed a significant relationship between the main form of the front space of the buildings and the sense of space ownership. Also, the form of the entrances strengthens the sense of belonging. However, the citizens with temporary activity and residence or those who only observe the space and pass it are not interested in the related behaviors.

The maps of the space layout have been considered by the architects as one of the first steps of the architectural design process. The theoretical framework of the high-performance architecture emphasizes that the topological and geometrical structure of these maps is adopted from the latent concepts. These concepts were formed under the influence of the subjective and objective variables. According to the research hypothesis, the space layout maps are subject to the latent patterns that are the basis for their formation. Using the computational strength for contributing to predicting the space layouts has always been a controversial issue in contemporary architecture and has been the prospect for future architecture. The current paper used the data-driven artificial intelligence methods for generating the heat maps of the space layout. Despite the conventional methods that try to define the layout plans based on the absolute mathematical relations, the designed method tries to take the spatial layout generator function from the experience of designing successful patterns with a designed based approach. Therefore, a set of 300 plans of the apartments in Tehran has been provided, and four types of different inputs have been supplied for training the artificial intelligence model. In the present research, cGan algorithm was used as one of the most efficient algorithms. This algorithm creates artificial intelligence and has been trained based on the provided layout patterns. This algorithm can regulate the mapping function to generate the target image based on the input image. After completing the process of training the cGAN model, the heat maps of the space layouts of 10 new apartments were tested. Also, the quality of the predicted answers was evaluated based on the predetermined five regulations. The suggested model based on the design-based approach is following modern construction technologies, such as the application of metadata, deep learning, machine learning, efficiency and smart consumption of energy, and energy-view optimization.

High-rise construction and the studies relevant to these buildings emphasize the various impacts of these visual elements in the cities. However, the psychological effects of these buildings, including the sense of oppression that citizens endure, have been neglected. In the present study, the sense of oppression that citizens endure from these tall buildings was studied. If this subject is studied carefully, it can be influential in the regulations of the tall building construction in the paths and the improvement of the psychological health of the citizens. Therefore, two studies were conducted; in the first part of the research, the sense of oppression inducing from the simulated Pastor Tower and changes in its configuration through the fisheye images were comparatively compared with the tolerance of the sense of oppression enduring by the citizens (the results of the previous studies). In the second part of the research, through the simulation of the Jahan Nama tower in Hamedan City, the perceptual oppression resulted from the buildings with the visual weights of 6%, 7%, 8% (the tolerance of the sense of oppression in the previous studies), 9%, and 10% and the effect of the trees on the mental oppression (in citizens’ perspective) were investigated. The results of the first part indicated that the trees covering the faç ade of the simulated Pastor tower in the Mirzadeh Eshghi Street reduced the mental oppression resulted from the tower and is tolerated by the citizens. However, the mental oppression induced by this tower (simulated) from Pastor Avenue is high and a threat to the psychological health of the citizens. The results of the second part also indicated that the buildings with visual weights of 9% and 10% had the maximum mental oppression and the minimum openness and pleasantness. In contrast, the building with the visual weight of 7% was perceived with more openness, pleasantness, and likelihood of restoration. Moreover, by increasing the number of trees in front of the building, the mental oppression was reduced and the openness, pleasantness, preference, and the likelihood of the restoration of the landscape were increased.

Research on the basics of visual arts has taken many forms in the history of Iranian art. In this connection, the present historical-analytical research was established with a formalistic approach and in order to recognize the visual characteristics of prehistoric images. Patterned pottery was selected from among the early illustrated documents for their historical frequency and sequence. The ancient cities of Choghamish and Tal Bakun, as research examples, were among the first settlements of the Neolithic era in Iran. An expansion of pure and applied branches of visual art in the present-time society and the importance of this art in Iran from a long time ago, elucidates the need to identify the visual roots of Iranian art. The present study established how the visual formalistic principles looked in the Iranian prehistoric era. Scant research background in this field has referred to numerous cultural areas within the Iranian plateau, necessitating the design of an established method to consider the characteristics of the visual images as seen on patterned pottery. The research method was analytical-comparative and concerned a case study of Choghamish region located in the southwestern part of the Iranian plateau, where the patterns of patterned pottery of that era are discussed. Visual arts were analyzed from a design perspective and via a formalistic approach by studying library resources and observing museum objects. This research aimed to understand the specific morphological characteristics of each era. The first and most important step in pattern design is to determine the fixed criteria for examining images, identified as the category of visual variables in three main groups; i. e., general structure, visual elements and qualities, and patterns. In the next steps, the visual images and the application of the resulting findings will be analyzed. In this way, similarities and differences determine the morphological characteristics of regions or time periods. The findings revealed that pattern density, compositional structure, circumstantiality, motifs, elements and visual qualities are the criteria for image differentiation.

The recognition and evaluation of the visual features and components in the perception process is a way for the aesthetic evaluation of a phenomenon. When facing an architectural building, its faç ade has the first impact on the observer's aesthetic experience process. Various physical components and visual qualities play a role in creating the architectural faç ade. Extraction of the visual preferences in the architectural faç ades and investigation of the forming components and elements of these preferences can lead to developing the criteria in the aesthetic evaluation. Consequently, studying these visual components in the architectural faç ades and investigating their aesthetic preferences are of significant importance. The current study aims to evaluate the observer’ s aesthetic preferences of visual qualities and components that forming the external faç ades of the residential buildings. The theoretical concepts and approaches were presented to reach the research purpose in the theory section of the research using a descriptive-analytical method. By studying the research background and explaining the considered research concepts in this part, a structure of the studies and evaluations on the visual components was introduced, and the theoretical framework was presented. In the practical section, using the preference tests, the relationship between the visual components and aesthetic preferences of the faç ades of twelve historical houses of Tabriz was measured using 320 respondents. Also, the preference scores of the respondents were analyzed by a descriptive-inferential method using SPSS software. The research results showed that two visual components of the diversity of the structure of the architectural elements and the forming levels of the architectural faç ades, as well as complexity (visual richness) and using the curved lines, have more impact than other visual qualities and components of the architectural faç ades. Considering and investigating the visual components, including the structure of the architectural elements and different levels of the faç ade can be used as criteria in the aesthetic evaluations and analysis of the faç ade of the residential buildings. These criteria can also be applied in architectural designs of the buildings’ faç ade.

The public areas of the city as a platform for public human activities necessity not only be comprehensible and safe but also need to have perceptual values for the users. Visual values are the most significant part of environmental qualities. Citizens' perception of the visual qualities of the city depends on the introduction of visual values and image and urban landscape, which is considered desirable by citizens. In this regard, and to improve the visual quality of the environment, the purpose of this study is to identify the criteria and visual values of urban visual corridors and their spatial-location analysis based on quantitative indicators and criteria. Also, considering the value of citizens' perceptions of the urban public area, the importance of each of the factors with the final output as the quality of visual values in the visual corridors has been measured quantitatively and spatially. For this purpose, the visual corridors leading to the Enghelab Square of Zanjan, which also has historical and cultural values, have been selected for study and evaluation. The present spatial research method is descriptive-analytical that to quantitatively measure the objectives, spatial regression analysis, and spatial modeling with the use of ANP logic in Super Decisions and GIS environments have been used. The results show that the legibility with an average value of 0. 58 has a higher quality value in the study site and the factor of green and natural space with an average weight of 0. 41, and the urban landscape elements with an average weight of 0. 36 are in the next ranks. have taken. Also, the results of calculating the spatial regression between the factors and the final quality of visual values showed that from the citizens' point of view, the legibility factor with the spatial regression rate of 0. 80 and the continuity and sequence factor with the correlation rate of 0. 66 and the walls and environmental aesthetics criteria with correlation rate of 0. 52, respectively, had the highest correlation coefficient with the final output of the quality of visual values in the study area.

The urban spaces around the holy and religious places and analyzing them based on the needs of the pilgrims and their behavioral patterns that occur in urban spaces is a subject that has been less addressed in the scientific research. The main research question is the adaptability of the urban spaces around the holy places to the needs and behavioral patterns of the pilgrims. Therefore, the theoretical foundations of the subject were first studied. Then, in the conceptual model of the research, the qualities that the urban street space should have regarding the adaptability to the needs of pilgrims were codified in six criteria. These criteria include access facility, safety and security, vitality and presence, environmental comfort and convenience, visual beauty and warning and authentication, and 20 sub-criteria. The research method is a survey study using statistical analysis. The case study is a part of Imam Reza (PBUH) Street in Mashhad City that is one of the main paths leading to the holy shrine. The behavioral patterns of the pilgrims were classified into five main behavioral patterns in the field studies. In the meantime, 12 inappropriate and dangerous were identified among the pilgrims, and 384 questionnaires were distributed among the pilgrims. In the first section, the satisfaction of the pilgrims using the mean concentration index showed that in more than half of the environmental criteria, the mean of the satisfaction level of pilgrims is at the improper level. Also, the correlation analysis (Chi-Square) shows that there is a significant and direct relationship between the low level of the urban space qualities and inappropriate and dangerous behaviors of the pilgrims. In the end, the paper presents the recommendations, suggestions, and requirements for the planning and design in the urban spaces around the holy places.

Studying the urban street network, as one of the constituent elements of urban form and the commonality of the two systems of movement and activity, plays a significant role in understanding the dynamic events in the city and solving the problems resulted from the conflicting function of the two abovementioned systems. One of the most effective structural characteristics of the street network is street network centrality which has a substantial effect on the distribution of activities and accordingly on the formation of motorized and pedestrian traffic flow throughout the city. On the other hand, one of the most important elements influencing on the network centrality is street layout. The current article aims at explaining the relationship between street layout pattern and centrality at the local scale or the microstructure of the street network. The city of Qom is an example of an old city in Iran that has an ancient urban fabric in the central core of the city and a diverse range of street layout in the middle and peripheral parts-with distinct structural features. Thus, this city is an appropriate context as the study area to explore the microstructure of the urban street network. The research process is as follows; After identifying the relatively homogeneous central zones in terms of morphology in the study area by modelling street network centrality using Multiple Centrality Assessment (MCA) method in terms of centrality index of local closeness, and applying some considered criteria, the street layout pattern of the selected zones is analyzed using several indicators of street centerline as well as blocks. Finally, the relationship between indicators of street layout pattern and the average local closeness network centrality index is explained by building a correlation matrix using Pearson’ s correlation coefficient. Findings show that just 3 out of 10 selected indicators of the street layout pattern-all of which are indicators of the network centerline-have a significant correlation with average local closeness centrality index. Therefore, average local closeness centrality index has no significant correlation with block indicators. The correlation matrix shows that the higher the network lenghth as well as the proportion of three-way intersections throughout the local fabric area, the higher the average local closeness centrality index of the street network; consequently, the more centralized fabric will be at the scale of pedestrian accessibility.

Horizontal growth of cities, destruction of natural resources, reduction of population density in traditional neighborhoods of cities, construction of residential areas compatible with the lives of residents, and increasing the quality of life are among the most significant management challenges of Iranian cities. Although various studies identified the influential variables on the improvement of the place attachment or the results of improving this sense and emphasized the constructive role of improving this sense on the quality of life, the effectiveness of the physical elements of housing in the place attachment is not measured experimentally among the residents. Therefore, the current study tries to investigate the role of physical identity-making elements in the housing satisfaction of residents and evaluate the impact of these components on the attachment to the neighborhood among the residents. The current research is applied in terms of nature, and the research method is descriptive-survey. Data collection tools are also based on the questionnaire. The statistical population includes all the residents of the Aghazaman Neighborhood, and the statistical sample is 300 of the residents selected using a random sampling method. Research data were analyzed using Partial Least Square Modeling. The results show that the effectiveness of the identity elements on the satisfaction with the neighborhood is 0. 58. Also, its effect on the neighborhood attachment is 0. 15. The results confirm the research suggested model and indicate that the identity elements indirectly affect the neighborhood attachment through satisfaction with the neighborhood. Also, the results approve that the identity elements affect the place attachment by influencing the subjective and objective evaluations and improving the housing satisfaction of residents. According to the research findings, a positive understanding of the quality of the residential area has a significant correlation by increasing the level of neighborhood attachment that increases the persistence in the neighborhood.

Social space theory is a trialectics view of the space that brings together the perceived, conceived, and representation space. This theory responds to the modernist and capitalist approaches to urban space. If space is limited to its perceived and conceived dimensions, the principal purpose expected from the space that transforms it into a place for the emergence of the lived space and passivity, will be removed. The current paper aims to investigate the dualities of space, non-space, and social or modern capitalist space and coding patterns and their effectiveness on the meaningfulness of space and passivity. The result of this study is to achieve a conceptual and analytical model, based on which one can study the urban space in terms of the effectiveness of the coding pattern on the passivity. Therefore, the obtained model was used in analyzing Baharestan Square as the case study in the following. The research method was qualitative and used experts-oriented (to study the perceived and conceived dimensions of space) and people-oriented (to investigate the representation aspect of space). In the first step, the observation technique was used. In the second step, an in-depth interview (interviewing 36 people) was applied. The results of the two sections indicate the space limit and hegemonic coding model for the emergence of the action and passivity concepts in the space. According to the results, to improve the passivity in the space and create the representation space, it is required to consider positive space control consisting of citizen rights and participation right in addition to the spatial occupation and spatial and social justice.

Socio-spatial segregation is considered as one of the most important challenges for the cities and different approaches to it have led to various theories in this regard. The concept of socio-spatial segregation in cities is one of the most important and influential factors involved in the formation and separation of various social groups in cities. It has increased various types of deprivation in developing cities. The high level of segregation in different parts of the city can exaggerate the poverty and the deprivations caused by it, including the lack of job opportunities, public services and severe discrimination, associated with increased crime rate. In addition, with increasing the intra-class contacts and reducing the inter-class contacts, it will diminish the role of the middle classes. Identifying influential factors in development of social-spatial segregation through various ideas is the main aim of this article to achieve which, descriptive-analytical method has been used. Using qualitative research method and comparative analysis method, the present study aims to extract and classify the concepts, views, theories and definitions on segregation. Finally, by examining the historical course of the theories, it aims to introduce the factors that are involved in segregation in the five main groups and extract the segregation indicators. The results of these studies indicate that five economic, socio-cultural, physical, political and urban management factors are effective in spatial-social segregation, and the views stated in this article have been classified based on these five factors.

In today’ s world, the early impact of the changes in the cities can considerably improve the design and planning in urban resilience. Urban form-based resilience in the residential neighborhoods and historical textures, in particular, can protect the cells of the social communities against the sudden changes in forms. The current research aims to evaluate the resilience in the neighborhoods of the historical texture, such as Oudlajan and Sangelaj neighborhoods located in District 12 of Tehran. The research method is an analytical-descriptive and comparative study. The data were collected using the library and survey studies. Given the research problem and its purpose, the indicators and parameters of the evaluation were extracted by investigating the theoretical foundations and research background. The metric calculations method was applied to evaluate the physical aspect, and a number of researcher-made questionnaires based on the Likert scale in the interval scale were used to measure the local society aspect. In a pre-test, the AHP method in the urban social area with the academic experts' panel was used to determine the relative significance of the components affecting the urban form resilience. In the following, the urban form resilience from the optimal level for both neighborhoods was obtained using the optimal distance method. The results indicate that despite some exceptions, the urban form in both neighborhoods is not resilient and has an undesirable distance from successful global experiences. Considering the analysis of the indicators and calculating the ARI, the neighborhoods have 0. 57 and 0. 65 optimal distance, respectively, and social resilience in the Oudlajan neighborhood is higher than in another one. Finally, it must be considered that improving the depth of the recognition and involving the responsible organization for plans along with the re-definition of the social aspects of the life of the citizens will lead to the increase in the urban form resilience of these neighborhoods and will manifest a better prospect of the future of the cities.