Journal of Socio-Cultural Studies of Khorasan
Year:2020 | Volume:14 | Issue:3|Papers Count:6

Waqf, a long-standing and living Islamic tradition, has been prevalent in Islamic lands, especially in Iran, since yesterday with various motives. The history of endowment in Iran, The Islamic period dates back to the first centuries AH and is often dedicated to the endowment of real estate for both religious and educational institutions, mosque and school. In the second half of the 12th lunar century, Haj Mohammad Rafi, the son of Ali Naqi Diheshki, founded a school in the city of Tabas and dedicated it to the teaching of religious science. The purpose of the present article is to read the endowment letter and review the content and access to the various information contained in it, and to achieve this purpose, it uses a descriptive-analytical method. Examining the endowment letter shows the school's firm belief in Shiite teachings and provides the reader with first-hand and useful information about Tabas during the endowment, how the school is run, the trustee, and the conditions for using the endowment. According to the endowment letter, the tutelage of this school has been entrusted to the founder and after him, the eldest son and then the male children of his generation. If the male children also die, the Friday Imam of Tabas will be in charge of the endowment. Among the useful historical information of the text of the endowment letter at the time of the formation of the endowment, we can name some of the elders of Tabas, especially Khajeh Mohammad Ali Diheshki, brother of the endowment and Mullah Mohammad Mehdi, son of Haji Mohammad Saleh, the Friday Imam of Tabas. Also information about water system in this city is pointed out.

The expansion of tourism in different regions has led to the introduction of tourism as the largest industry in the world. adequate tourism environment leads to the growth of the region and region economy and its reproduction affects the cultural mechanisms and behaviors of people in the region. the research method of this research is phenomenology. For data collection, sampling of 37 participants between the ages of 19 and 65 years, the interview was semi-structured and thematic analysis was used to analyze the data. Findings in the field of semantic contexts include 30 statements related to the attitude of pilgrims, which were reduced to five semantic sub-themes and were classified into three areas. these three areas are individual attitude (systemic attitude), family (rotation of factors shaping attitudes) and society (structural relationships between semantic contexts that perpetuate attitudes). attention to the attitude of pilgrims and its relationship with tourism in the region plays a key role in socio-cultural planning and policy-making. In this regard, structural, rotational and multi-causal relationships should be considered.

The purpose of this research is to study the role of self-efficacy in happiness with mediatory role of hope among primary teachers. The study adopted a descriptive – correlational method. The statistical population of the study consisted all primary teachers in Birjand, from which 1500 members were selected as the participants of 306 members using cluster sampling with proportional distribution. Self-efficacy and hopefulness was examined using questionnaire Lutans (2007) and happiness was examined using Shirom questionnaire (2004). Through Cronbach’ s alpha coefficient, reliability coefficients were obtained equal to 0. 84 & 0. 91. Data analyses at quantitative part was done through descriptive statistics (frequency, average and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (correlation, variance analyses, regression and structural equation modeling). The results of research indicated that self-efficacy with Beta=0. 55 predicts happiness and with Beta= 0. 73 predicts hopefulness. Also hope with Beta= 0. 68 predicts teacher's happiness. The findings showed that hope with mediating role between self-efficacy and happiness is an effective factor and the research model has a good fit.

The Great Khorasan has played an influential role in regional exchanges of the eastern Iran throughout the Iranian historical period and provides researchers with comprehensive information in this regard. However, information about the performance of Khorasan region during the Parthian period is very limited due to the destruction of historical works and sources by Sassanians as well as the passage of time. Accordingly, the purpose of this comparative-analytic study is to analyze the performance of the Great Khorasan as the first headquarter of the Parthians in religious and artistic contexts of this period. This research is performed with reference to the primary sources and archaeological evidence obtained from this period. Therefore, the present study seeks to answer the following questions: How could the Great Khorasan pave the way for religious and artistic structural developments during the Parthian period? Which regions have been most influenced by the religious and artistic developments of the Great Khorasan? In this regard, according to the findings of the present study, it can be stated that the performance of the Great Khorasan in the Parthian period has been trans-regional and based on religious and cultural tolerance. Also, due to its location in the east and west linking corridor, With the spread of Buddhism, Mehr and Zarathustra gained religious influence in eastern Iran, India, China, and even Byzantine Rome. And because of works of art such as sculpture, pottery and glassmaking, it made an artistic impact in India and China. In addition, by analyzing the etymology of the Pahlavi script and language in the Parthian period, we found that this region has had a trans-regional cultural impact by developing the Pahlavi script and language within Iran, Tajikistan and Afghanistan.

After the sudden death of Yar Mohammad Khan Zahir al-Dawla (1258-1267 AH), in 1267 AH, a lot of violence arose in Herat; In the midst of this turmoil, many people came to power under and under the auspices of the Iranian government, and eventually Dost Mohammad Khan Barkzai (1258-1280 AH) separated Herat from Iran forever in 1279 AH. During the turmoil in Herat (1267-1280 AH), coins were named Naser al-Din Shah (1264-1313 AH) were also dated to 1269, 1273-1279 AH. Multiplied in this city; Further attention to these coins raises two issues, one is that the monetary system of the Nasserite era did not follow a specific structure, and the coins of each place were minted with different grades, and the other was usually minted during tense periods. The economic power of each city was weakened, and the value of the coin was greatly reduced; Therefore, the elemental analysis of the coins of this period, using the PIXE method, due to its speed, high accuracy and non-destructiveness, can provide a good analysis of this situation; Therefore, 21 coins in 9 different dates were analyzed to study this issue. As a result, it was determined that the silver grade of these coins was higher than %90, compared to the main mints, namely Mashhad (%84), Tabriz (%82), Tehran (%90), Isfahan (%84), and Shiraz (%90) is in a high positions, and this shows the citizenship of the main coinage system, the Tehran system, which has not been deducted from the standard of these coins even at the height of tensions. Finally, valuable information was obtained on how to decompose coin metal with copper and iron metals, and the type of silver mines used, namely Cerussite mines.

Among the various types of waqf, both traditional and modern, the scientific endowment has a long range of social and cultural functions. Studies on the history of waqf and charity in Birjand reveal numerous evidences of the actions of scientific scholars at various socio-cultural levels. The purpose of this paper is to investigate different types and instances of scientific endowment in Birjand by descriptive-analytical method. The findings of this study show that the cultural identity of the city is the result of the development and development of various forms of scientific endowment in traditional and modern forms. Another achievement of this study is the diversity of the social and gender base of scientific scholars in the region, as well as the capacity of this line in terms of social and cultural capital.