RESEARCH BULLETIN OF ISFAHAN UNIVERSITY (HUMANITIES)
Year:2004 | Volume:16 | Issue:1|Papers Count:19

One of the issues deal with in geography and urban planning, specially in urban economy branch, is the study of distribution systems and their location. Establishment of distribution systems in urban regions and paying attention to business services is of prime importance in urban planning. Distribution systems consist of retail and wholesale and both have been observed in classic or modern form. In the past, markets have been responsible for wholesale and small markets for retail. Unfortunately despite population explosion and the enlargement of cities, these places have been forgotten. That is why there are many problems in distribution systems in urban areas. Now a days in order to eradicate such problems, new systems in the form of local and super and chain market have been built. The researcher, because of the prime importance of these centers in cities, has studied the procedure for the formation of such centers, Secondly, contrastive analysis on these systems and primitive system has been carried out. The researcher aims at presenting a new model for the location of urban servies such as distribution system and analysis of the existing systems.

Many river basins that supported hydraulic civilizations for thousands of years are being converted into a very unsustainable and fragile ecosystems. This process threatens the basis of sustainable development of communities settled in these river environments. The major questions of this paper are as follows: 1-How have the basins been changed into unsustainable environments? 2-What are the guidelines to direct river basin development and management towards sustainability? 3-What would be a study model for planning sustainable river basin development and management ?

There are various factors that may affect the effectiveness of employees of universities. To recognize these factors and measure their effects that may ease and justify the planning efforts for the universities, in this paper, these factors are listed and their measures are determined by a field study using a questionnaire. Then the correlation coefficients for these factors are calculated and two variables i.e., payments and fairness of payments that gained the lowest values among all other factors in IUT are compared using a linear regression model. Finally some suggestions are made to improve the payment system.

The basic rational for the theory of the efficient market model stems from the assumption that in such a market prices promptly adjust to reflect all knowable information. The future price changes, although a true reflection of changes in the earning power of firms, reach the market randomly and are independent of the past information. Future price changes, therefore are random and a function of future, not past events. The efficient market model describes that the return on and hence the price of securities depends on multiple forces. The first major force is the impact of market movements on price changes of individual securities, which is outside the control of the investors and of the firms in the market. Other forces such as industry impact, firm"s influence, etc cause the rest of the variations in prices. The industry and firm"s factors can be eliminated by appropriate portfolio diversification. Consequently only the market compensates the risk associated with market movements. Diversifiable and the non-diversifiable components together comprise the total variance or standard deviation of return for a particular security. The aim of this paper is to study the efficiency of Tehran Stock Exchange (TSE). In doing so, with the use of the OLS and capital asset pricing model (CAPM), we have estimated the characteristic line and the security market line. The results show that there is a linear relationship between risks and return; in other word, the result is not strong enough for rejecting the efficiency of TSE, but according to estimated equation there are over (under) valued securities in the market.

Theory of the frim and traditional views would refer to the maximization of profit as the sale prime objective of every business enterprise. In the past, the excess of demand against supply of goods and services provided the ground for realization of more number of sales and consequently higher earning and better profitability. Variations in the desires of customers as well as lack of supply resulting to unsatisfied market demands would not lead to competition or giving of any extra effort on provision of better quality. These limitations will create four different environments such as "firm proper", "industry", "national" and "international" and each of these shall impose specific conditions on the atmosphere in which the firm operates. Modern management theories, however, emphasize the overtaking of supply as against demand . As such, the manager"s main focus of attention would be directed towards formulation of objectives and strategies that would lead to the satisfaction of customer and would also make the product long last . Such new objective and strategies are not only essentially important in ensuring the firm success but also would fall in line with the tradition objective of business entites as "profit maximization" . Success or failure of every business enterprise today would depend on such factors as proper definition of comprehensive objective and strategies,clear understanding of business environments, equilibriom between applied factors and restrictions and firm"s capabilities in utilizing such factors.

Since the institution of government is important, different typifications of it have been offered by sociologists and political scientists. The criteria that have been utilized are as follows: people"s participation in government (Aristotle), people"s participation and the existence or lack of laws (Montesquieu), the status of political institutions (Shills), the society"s dominant culture (Almond), the type of rulers (Badie), the numbers of political parties (Aron), etc. In addition to this typification, there were some studies and arguments about these differences. Among scientists who have analyzed the causes of diversity among governments one can point to Aristotle, Montesquieu, Moor, de tocqueville, Rostow, Barbo, Almond and Lipset. In this typification, factors such as weather, historical circumstances, culture, economy, psychological characteristics and so on have been considered. In this research the sociological foundations of political systems and their relation to some factors such as level of development and social indexes are surveyed. The resuls have revealed the significant statisitical relation between the studied variables and type of social system.

Ilam is classified as a poor province as far as development level is concerned. Any eradication of poverty requires areful planning . Identification of the human development situation of Ilam"s rural regions is a prerequisite to any planning initiative. In this paper by the application of the numerical taxonomy of 31 indices, the development levels of the districts have been analysed. The results have revealed the ranking of these districts in terms of access to facilities and services. shirvan chardavel has gained the highest score of development. The districts of Ilam"s Dareh Shahr, Dehloran, Mehran, Eivan and Abdanan stand in a hierarchical order next to shirvan Chardavel. The results of this analysis can be used as a basis of planning for the eradication of poverty in the region.

Due to the importance of the institution of government, different classifications of this institution have been put forward by sociologyists and political scientists. The classifications have been made according to the following criteria: 1) the extent of people"s participation in governmental affairs (Aristotle); 2) people"s participation and the existence or lack of law (Montesquieu); 3) the status of political institutions (Shills); 4)the society"s dominant culture (Badie); and 5) the number of political parties (Aron). Besides, some research has been done and arguments have been put forward as to the causes of these different classifications. Examples are those of Aristotle, Montesquieu, Moore, De toqueville, Rostow, Badie, Almond and Lipset. Factors such as weather, historical circumstances, culture, economy, psychological characteristics of individuals, etc, have been taken into consideration.

Mactoeconomic and structural adjustment plans have been promoted in most developing countries since 1980"s. Iranian economy tested his new approach since termination of the imposed war. This paper has surveyed the consistency of these plans with conventional ones using legal contents of Iranian socio-economic development plans based on "Contents Analysis Method" Also, it has paid attention to separation of structural adjustment and macro-economic adjustment plans using indicators such as trade reform, reduction of government tenurement and reforms in tax system. The results show the governing approach in development plans of country has been adjustment one, however, legal documentations of these plans and their performance have no complete coincidence with conventionl adjustment. Lack of long-run strategy, time discontinuity, internal inconsistency and performance deviation from plan goals are some characteristics of adjustment process in Iranian development plans.

The Persian Gulf is located in a strategic situation in the south of Iran. It has a very important strategic condition in the Middle East. This watercourse has been very famous since the ancient times for its important economic and commercial resources in the world. And due to the discovering of enormous resources of oil and natural gas, the importance of this region has increased in the past years. All through the written history of Iran, this gulf has been called Persian Gulf although occasionally some of the western writers based on colonizing ideas have called it "The Arabian Gulf" and also "The Golf". The present paper argues that based on historical and creditable European and Arabian documents, the name of this gulf has been Persian since hundreds of years ago. The methodology employed in this research is an analytic and historical approach.

Drought is a normal feature of climate. It occurs in regions with quite different climatic regimes. In any region, one of the most important evaluation stages of drought condition is defining drought indices in order to analyze severity, duration and frequency of drought in any region. In present study, standardized precipitation index was selected because of its advantage in regional analysis and temporal connection between drought occurrences in different sections of the study area. Then monthly drought zoning maps were prepared by using GIS softwares such as Ilwis and Arc view. By means of Runs theory and SPI, time series for all of the stations and drought intensity time series in any basins were calculated. Droughts with more than one-month duration were derived. Then severity, duration and frequency of drought curves were drawn. By analysis of severity, duration and frequency of drought curves and tables of meteorological station and six basins, it has been evident that drought occurred with one to three month duration. Even in the wet station, there was a recurrence and normal phenomena