GEOGRAPHICAL DATA
Year:2018 | Volume:27 | Issue:106|Papers Count:20

Introduction: Marine tourism is one of the most attractive and most popular tourist branches that has flourished much in recent decades and has attracted a significant part of tourism economy. In the meantime, despite having extensive coastal borders in the north and south, Iran has not yet been able to provide tourists with desirable services in relation to marine tourism. The constructing of marine tourism sites in coastal areas is one of the measures that can be taken in this regard. In order to locate such sites, it is needed to take the following criteria into consideration: distance from the sea, view of the sea, exposing to the sun, land use, distance from natural hazards such as faults, floods, erosion, distance from the residential areas, distance from the rivers and lakes, distance from road networks, distance from protected areas and percentage of slope. In this regard, the present paper aims to determine the most appropriate places for the construction of marine tourism sites in the city of Tonekabon, considering the importance of quantitative and qualitative identification and assessment of the characteristics of the areas....

Introduction: Remote sensing has introduced new fields in monitoring and modeling environmental variables on different levels. One of the major advances of remote sensing is the use of quantitative algorithms to estimate the earth’s surface variables. Therefore, it can be regarded as a research and application framework in order to forecast and counteract devastating effects of environmental crisis. Meanwhile, capabilities of MODIS sensor in terms of its various products to estimate the environmental parameters have been explored more than any other remote sensing instruments. Optical remote sensing modeling techniques are robust and strong enough for modeling the relationship between land surface variables and the quantities measured by remote sensing data....

Introduction: Droughts are one of the most common climatic changes that occur in many arid and semi-arid regions of the world with high intensities every few years. In many years, the occurrence of droughts is also unknown for a while, therefore, the identification of drought itself, is considered as a valuable finding for managing the water resources in areas such as Iran, most of which are formed by arid and semi-arid regions. Precipitation is the most important determinant variable in drought conditions among climatic variables. Rainfall is the most important variable whose variations are directly reflected in soil moisture and surface runoff, variations in underground water reservoirs and others. The purpose of this research is to investigate the best method of drought interpolation in the Yazd-Ardakan plain, to identify areas at risk of this phenomenon and to identify its spatial distribution, and also to investigate the relationship between drought and the salinity of groundwater and the spatial distribution of saline water in the Great Plain of Yazd – Ardakan.....

Introduction: Data sharing is one of the key issues in the success of Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI). Data sharing can prevent the repeated production of spatial data by various organizations and institutions, and provide the reduction of the costs, prevention of the resource losses, helping the economic development and using the capabilities of spatial data in processes of decision-making. But, evidences suggest that the realization of the spatial data sharing has always faced numerous challenges and problems, and that the SDI development goals will not be achieved without solving them.Therefore, the main objective of this research is to provide a strategy for identifying and prioritizing the sharing of spatial data in the country.

Introduction Faults are fractures in the earth’s crust that has the ability to move. Faults are one of the most important geological structures, and since they have paths for emersion of heat from the lower parts of the earth’s crust to the surface, can be considered as one of the essential reasons of potential of geothermal energy. Geothermal energy is one of the major sources of renewable energy and compatible with the environment, which if properly utilized and bases on environmental parameters, can play an important role in the energy balance of the country and the goals of sustainable development. There are many methods that can be used to identify potential geothermal, one of which is remote sensing that is part of new technologies, and it is also cost-effective. Among the various methods of remote sensing for exploration of geothermal resources, thermal remote sensing has unique advantages. Thermal infrared remote sensing is an effective method to identify the Earth’s surface temperature anomalies whose combination with the analysis of geological and understanding of geothermal mechanism, can be an appropriate approach for exploration of geothermal areas.

Introduction With the developments in navigation, positioning, and tracking technologies, a large amount of moving point data (e.g., human, vehicle, animal) have been produced. Through moving an object in the course of time, a sequence of its position is recorded which is known as trajectory. Studying the behaviors of point objects and analyzing their trajectories have recently received great attentions among researchers in different fields of science, especially in geographic information science. Such studies contribute to better understanding of movement-behavior patterns of moving objects. Data mining, as one of the main approaches in geographic knowledge discovery, is normally used in moving databases to extract information from moving point objects’ trajectories. Analyzing the similarity of trajectories as one of the frequently used approaches in geographic data mining, is of great importance, which is normally performed by distance functions.

Introduction Evaporation from the lakes behind the dams and freshwater lakes is one of the most important parameters in water resource losses. Therefore, zoning evaporation is very important in water resources management. There are various methods for measuring and estimating evapotranspiration (ET) that are used according to their accuracy and cost.These models include using evaporation pan and using meteorological models such as Bowen ratio and eddy correlation methods. Nowadays, modern methods such as utilizing satellite remote sensing images are developed to estimate evapotranspiration in different regions. Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land (SEBAL) is one of these algorithms which is highly regarded. SEBAL estimates ET as a residual in energy flux in the surface of land. This is done by calculating the difference in the soil heat flux and the sensible heat flux from the net radiation....

Introduction: The combination of spatial analysis, different methods of positioning and mobile and ubiquitous processing, positioning technology such as global positioning systems and a part of spatial analyses and GIS equipment have led to the emergence of a new trend as context-aware and mobile GIS. One of the context-aware services that has been welcomed by most people is location-based services. Location-based services provide services to users using the user’s position. Tourism is one of the areas that can be focused based on these applications. Tourists need structured information that is available to them at any moment and any place. This information helps them to justify their position to the place that may be new and unfamiliar to them. It helps them to find their desired locations and the best path which leads to that location. Context-aware systems match their behavior based on these contexts by examining the user’s current contexts....

Introduction: In order to analyze the reduction of the impacts of natural hazards, particularly the earthquakes, four basic constituents such as conceptual understanding of development, vulnerability, recognition of the concept of risk, conceptual understanding of capacity building, and also, the recognition of risk management approaches are essential.Earthquakes and mass movements are a function of environmental factors, and identifying and segregation of seismic areas and hazard zonation is an important step in assessing environmental hazards. Therefore, Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and multi-criteria decision-making systems are the appropriate tools for zoning land in relation to seismic hazard. In this regard, the study of earthquakes and the areas with high seismic potential for all-round planning and management is imperative and inevitable. Therefore, the present research aims to study the vulnerable areas against natural hazards in Iran....

Introduction: Earth roughness represents a fluctuation of the earth’s surface, and it can be called the complexity of the earth (Wilson, 2012). Roughness calculation is of great importance and is the basis for lots of decision-making. There are various solutions for the roughness calculation. The first description of roughness was presented by Kupers, in which the roughness surface is assumed to be a set of points (Kupers, 1957). According to this definition, the deviation from the height criterion of the points is considered as the roughness index....

Introduction: Land use changes is a widespread and accelerating process, mainly driven by natural phenomena and anthropogenic activities, which in turn drive changes that would impact natural ecosystem. Because of the human population growth and its impacts, land-use patterns are changing very fast. Most of the population in Iran depends on agriculture, so the land use changes are mostly linked to agricultural developments. In recent decades, rapid land use changes have been associated with the degradation of natural resources, especially in sensitive ecosystems. On the other hand, like many other developing countries in the world, significant land-cover changes have been occurred in Iran within two last centuries. These changes were primarily due to human activities in connection with the population increase, which forced people to clear forest for cultivation and other activities. This study tries to present the effect of irrigation systems on land use changes since over three decades.....

Sedimentation in ports’ access channels is a major problem for the port authorities as well as the vessels navigating in these channels. This phenomenon creates dangers for the ships in this vital part of the port in addition to imposing heavy costs on the port. In this research, we evaluated and estimated the sedimentation rate and volume in Imam Khomeini port’s access channel based on field information as the research goal. In this research method, analyses on the geographic status such as bed level, analysis of wave time series and tide (as current) were carried out in the region by Mike 21 software, and appropriate modeling was presented.....

Introduction: Dust cycles are an integral part of the Earth system, which emits about 2000 tons of dust every year (Shao et al., 2011) and plays an important role in the global climate changes (Park & Jong, 2008). The frequency of dust events in the arid and semi-arid regions is much higher, meanwhile, dried lakes have the largest ration in dust emission (Goudie and Middleton, 2006). Hamoun e Jazmurian is a dried lake located in an homonymous topographic-low basin in southeast Iran and a main source for high dust emissions under favorable weather conditions, but so far limited studies have been carried out in this area, especially on dust. Remote sensing provides useful information about spatiotemporal variability of dust storms over thearid environment of the world. So the present study examines thespatiotemporal variability of dust activity over the region by identifying the dust events from the satellite data.....

Introduction: Lightning is one of the most fascinating climatic phenomena, which has not yet been fully understood. This phenomenon usually occurs during thunderstorms and at the times of electrical field failure in a variety of cloud-to-ground, cloud-to-cloud, and in-cloud or intra-cloud. The cloud-to-ground lightning which strikes the ground is one of the most important causes of mortality due to weather conditions. Lightning can also cause many financial losses such as damaging power lines and causing fire. Therefore, spatial distribution of lightning is essential in terms of energy and safety management. Furthermore, our community, which increasingly relies on information networks, helps to identify the areas prone to lightning in order to protect the information systems. Lightning activities vary widely on the spatial and temporal scales, and depend on local convectional activities to some extent. The knowledge of lightening activities was usually based on surface measurements over time, prior to the arrival of the satellites. But, the activity of these storms is not measured in places where there are no synoptic stations. Therefore, it is necessary to predict the exact location and the severity of convective storms based on the development and monitoring of the route for timely notification. This is because all measurements related to thunderstorms in Iran are recorded with a three hour interval in various codes and only at synoptic stations....

Introduction: Natural conditions and physical limitations determine the suitability of an area for the development of the city. Therefore, ignoring the effects of these factors and conditions such as the position of the floodplain, steep, existence of bedrock... on the development can cause serious and complex problems (sarvar, et al., 2014, 96). Urban development is the harmonious and balanced expansion of the surface assigned to the residential buildings in a city, with the surfaces required by other applications at a standard level (ghrekhloo et al, 2011). In many sources, the physical expansion of cities is defined as a dynamic and continuous process in which the physical limits of the city and its physical spaces increase in vertical and horizontal directions in terms of quantity and quality (Pour Ahmad et al, 2014)….

Introduction: Many of the problems that occur in the national security area should be sought at the border. Because undoubtedly, there is no element more important than the element of security and providing peace and calm in the society, for the progress, development and unilateral evolution, as well as the flourishing of talents, and social development. Creativity and valuable activity are not possible without security. The negative effects of border areas’ insecurity in the villages are more than cities. Because, rural areas are more vulnerable due to the developmental gap between villages and cities. Due to the vulnerability of the border villages, it is necessary to ensure the security of the villages through passive defense measures....