GEOGRAPHICAL DATA
Year:2018 | Volume:27 | Issue:107|Papers Count:16

Introduction: We live in a world where water has always been considered as one of the major issues. Currently, many people in developing countries are deprived of sufficient water to meet their basic needs. Lake Urmia is located between the longitudes45 to 46 ° East and latitudes 37 ° to 38. 5 North. The lake is located in Zone 38 of theUniversal Transverse Mercator System (UTM). Lake Urmia is the largest inland lake in Iran and the second largest saltwater lake in the world. The desiccation or drying upcrisis of Lake Urmia with an area of about half a million hectares consideringits consequences has led to actions and plans by organizations, agencies and even people which still continues and has become a national issue. Investigating the changes in the water level and the volume of lakes in order to protect them, has acquired a special place among the countries both in national and regional levels during the recent years. Generally, there are two methods forthe collection of information from the objects and phenomena on the surface of the earth: one island methods (land access) and the other is remote sensing methods...

Introduction: Given that, the tourism industry can play a significant role in the economy of any country, therefore, it can multiply the income generated by this industry through planning and providing tourists and travellers with easy access to tourist sites and service locations in any region or country. The necessity of paying attention to tourism and using modern technologies to expand it, and utilizing its numerous economic benefits for countries, research on the relationship between the expansion of information and communication technologieshasmadethe development of tourism necessary. Using the technology ofWeb GIS eliminates constraints such as the lack of sharing of data and different information between centers, the lack of easy access to the information needed at different times and locations, and the problems associated with updating them in the database. This researchhas investigated the role of GIS and the use of its Web environments (Web GIS) for wider, faster, cheaper access of tourists and guiding them to tourism and service information in the city of Kerman...

Introduction: Today, cities in different parts of the worldare exposed to damages from natural hazards for various reasons. These hazards which are associated with lots of financial damages, fatalities and injuries, are in need for urgent preventive measures. Based on the United Nation International Strategic Plan for disaster reduction (UNISDR), all hazards have two natural and human activities origins. The province of Gilanis one of the northern coastal provinces, whose center is the city of Rasht. The objective of the present research is, analyzing and zoning geomorphic hazards in the province of Gilan. The method of this research is descriptive – analytical, and empirical. In the descriptive section, by using documentary studies and also in the analytical section, by identifying the effective parameters in the zonation of geomorphic hazards and integratingthem with the spatial analyses in GIS, vulnerable zones were identified in the study area. In this research, the factors effective in the zonation of hazards were identified first. Then, in order to measure the significance of each of these factors, a questionnaire was prepared to carry out this important task by the method of ANP and by collecting the opinions of the relevant experts on each of the identified factors. After obtaining the opinions and using the fuzzy logic method, evaluation of each of the criteria and determination of their importance coefficients were done and based on its results, spatial evaluation was carried out using ARC GIS and high risks zones were identified. Results have shown that the use of fuzzy logic along with spatial analysis of GIS has been able to be used as an efficient tool in zoning geomorphic hazards and to prove the capability of the analytical model of research well...

Introduction: Geomorphology tourism or geotourismis one of the areas ofmodern studies in geoscience and tourism studies based on the identification of geomorphosites or special geomorphological sites. Geomorphosites are of new concepts that have entered the tourism literature with an emphasis on the location of special sites, therefore, it emphasizes on a set of geographical, geological andgeoarchaeology features. They also havescientific, ecological, cultural and economic values simultaneously and are utilized to understand and exploit human tourism. Geosites, which are a branch of geotourismgive rise to sustainable development in that region, due to their unique attractions. This new economy is completed in a network of cultural heritage and natural resources managements. Geosites of the region must be identified and introduced prior to any planning. Geosites in east Kurdistan province are very less known and only some of them have superficially drawn attentions, therefore, it has been tried to evaluate the capabilities of these geosites in this research while introducing them. This area, along with the attractions of geotourism has also sensitivities and limitations that can be severely damaged, if the red lines are violated. In fact, the purpose of this is to introduce Kurdistan geositeswith the aim of becoming more familiar with the capabilities of this geosite, as well as investigating the geotourist problems of the region in order to pay attention to the planning related to the tourism industry that can be economically effective on areas with geosites...

Introduction: Given the population growth and increasing urbanization, the occurrence of natural disasters like earthquake can cause heavy losses and damages and interrupt the development of cities and countries. Among these disasters, the earthquakeisof great importance due to its unpredictability and high frequency in relation to other events, as well as its location on the earthquake belt. According to the last year's estimate, Iran has been one of the 6 countries with high mortality rates in earthquakes. Therefore, finding a way to minimize the losses can be critical. Crisis managers need quick information from the affected area after the earthquake to minimize the fatalities and financiallosses. The destruction map is one of the information that helps crisis managers. These maps show the destructed buildings or roads with their degree of destruction. With these maps, the destructed buildings and roads can be found quickly...

Introduction: Over the past two centuries, in many countries in the world, population density has dramatically grown in urban areas, resulting in cities to witness rising construction of multi-story apartment buildings and utilizing above and below ground spaces. Expansion of tower construction and development of infrastructure networks are among the obvious examples of using above and below ground spaces of cities. Today, in order to manage these complex structures, the urban managers use three-dimensional urban models to plan for the future of the city. The land information is considered as the basis for the development of each country; among other things, cadaster as a parcel-based land information system can accurately determine the status and location of the real estates. Unlike the traditional cadastral system, the 3D cadaster is capable of modeling such features as buildings considering the third dimension i. e. height, thereby establishing the access rights for owners, whether individuals or organizations. Currently, the real estate management model is one of the best and most efficient ones for the implementation of 3D cadaster, which is originally developed based on the unified modeling language (UML). Accordingly, the aim of the present research is to generate a 3D urban cadastral model using the aerial imagery to improve the real estate management in the metropolitan area of Tehran by taking an executive approach...

Introduction: Energy is one of the most important factors in the development of human societies and is one of the essential factors in economic, social development and quality of life. Population explosion and growing energy demand, increasing living standards, the risk of global warming due to the greenhouse phenomenon, falling of acid rains, environmental problems and threats to human health, and finally lack of fossil energy sources are among the issues that attract the attention of the world's nations to the use of renewable energies, so that, in their planning, they take the provision of a percentage of the energy needed by their country through wind turbines, solar energy, geothermal energy and other renewable energyinto considerations. Due to the limited resources of fossil fuels and savings for future generations, there should be a need to replace and use renewable energies such as solar energy. More than 85% of Iran's territory is covered by arid and semi-arid regions, where the energy share of solar radiation is high. Solar energy, as one of the sources of clean energy and free from environmental degradation, has long been used in many ways. Due to the limitation of fossil sources and their pollution, as well as the increasing demand for energy, it is necessary to take measures to optimize the use of the solar energy source in Iran...

Introduction: One of the new products, destinations and types of tourism that can be well utilized for the socio-economic reconstruction of the border areas, is war tourism. Almost after World War II, the war tourism idea which had no objectives except reviving the war zones and improving the economic conditions in these areas attractedthe attentions. War tourism is a type of black tourism, which is considered to be the most visited type of black tourism. Despite the public fear of death, the interest of tourists to visit the places which have experienced natural and human disasters is on the rise. The main issue addressed in this research is that, up until now, tourism activities related to the war have failed to gain a considerable place in economic and social sustainabilityin the city of Marivan considering its potentials in this city. The main objective of the present research is to identify and analyze the status of tourism in the region with a systematic approach, because tourism as a system composed of various elements can only play its role in the realization of developing war-torn areas, once all elements of the system in terms of quantity and quality are placed together in a coordinated set in such a way that includesall the players of the extensive scene of tourismso that the obstacles and problems of war tourism development in the city are detected in the first place and then, the practical solutions for the development of this type of tourism to create the bases for economic and social reconstruction of the war-torn region of Marivan are suggested...

Introduction: Over the past 3 decades, major wars have taken place in our country and the areas around it, including the 8-yearimposed war by Iraq against Iran, the First and Second wars of the Persian Gulf (1991, 2003), the war of Afghanistan (2003), the 33-day war of Lebanon with the Zionist regime (2006), the 22-day, 8-day and 40-day wars of the Zionist regime against the people of Gaza, the war of the ISIS terrorist group against Syria over the past 7 years and against Iraq over the past 3 years, and the war in Yemenover the past 3 years. The war of Yemen and the fight against ISIS are still going on, and it has become more difficult to resolve these conflicts due to the formation of a controversial coalition led by the United States of America. Due to its prominent position in its geopolitical and anti-arrogance policy, the Islamic Republic of Iran has always been subjected to threats by the United States of America, the Zionist and othertotalitarian regimes in recent years. The expedients and guidelines of the Supreme leader of revolution are based on strengthening all infrastructure of the country against theenemy’ s threats. In this regard, passive defense is considered as a complementary part for active or armed defense, which includes unarmed measures to increase deterrence and decrease vulnerability, sustaining vital activities, promoting national sustainability and favorable effectiveness of crisis management against threats and armed actions by the enemy. CivilDefense planning (Spatial organization) is a process which leads to the reduction of vulnerability and the increase of defensive reversibility, sustainability and tolerability against enemy’ s attacks through reorganizing and rearranging spatial elements of a city...

Introduction: Management of watersheds requires understanding of watershed conditions both in gauged and ungaugedbasins. The classification of watersheds by similarcharacteristics for the implementation of coordinated watershed operations and flood control as well as giving priority to sub-basinsis of great importance. The need for a classifi cation framework in hydrology is not an entirely new subject. In fact, this subject has long been discussed and several studies have also attempted to advance this idea. So far, no acceptedcomprehensive protocol has been presented for the classifi cation of watersheds, and questions can be raised regarding why this has not happened. More efforts must be made in order to develop such a classifi cation. Previous studies have used hard clustering methods more, for the classification of watersheds but, the present study used fuzzy approach as asoft method. In general, the purpose of this research is to focus on the characteristics of the watersheds including morphological characteristics, soil and land use for the identification of similar watersheds. These parameters can facilitate the watershed classifi cation scheme and our understanding ofthe watershed conditions...

Land Surface Temperature (LST) and Emissivity are two significant physical features of the Earth’ s surface and atmosphere. The calculation of land surface temperaturehas a great significance in environmental studies, meteorology, evapotranspiration study, interactions between land surface and the atmosphere, detection of earthquake-related thermal anomalies, monitoring the drought, fire and energy balance models on the surface of the earth on a regional and global scale. The use of remote sensing technology and types of satellite images as one of the most important sources of data collection to study and monitor the land and environmental resources has attracted the attention of many experts and specialists of various sciences including environment, meteorology, hydrology, etc. in recent years. In recent years, hyperspectralthermal images have become a powerful tool for estimation of the land surface temperature due to the large number of thermal bands. The main purpose of this research is to obtain land surface temperature and emissivity using two distinct methods of TES (Temperature/Emissivity Separation Algorithm) and ARTEMISS (Automatic Retrieval of Temperature and emissivity using Spectral Smoothness) from the HyTES thermal hyperspectral images. The HyTES (Hyperspectral Thermal Emission Spectrometer) is an airborne thermal hyperspectral sensor with 256 spectral channels within the range of 7. 5 and 12 micrometers in the range of thermal infrared of the electromagnetic spectrum designed by NASA...

Introduction: Life in the modern cities takes shape through interaction with various environmental, socio-economic, infrastructural, health, security, political and cultural conditions. The result of this interaction shapes the quality of urban life (QOUL). Quality of lifeis a complex concept involving social, economic, environmental, physical, psychological and political aspects (El Din et al, 2013). In general, Quality of life (QOL) has been evaluatedbytwo objective and subjective points of view. Researches in this field, have mainly been conducted in the form of social studies and in the macro geographical scales of countries or cities, and less attention has been paid to the spatial differences of the life quality in the complex urban environments. In these studies, the principal components analysis (PCA) method has been the most common method used for combining and overlaying of the life quality indicators (Lo, 1998; Jun, 2006; Li and Weng, 2007; Motakan et al, 2010; HatamiNejad et al, 2014; Messer et al, 2014). But, Oneof the disadvantages of PCA is the possibility of deleting some of the useful information. Using Multi-Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM) and Fuzzy Logic methods can also be useful in spatial modeling of life quality. Moreover, QOL as one of the features of geographical environment is a dynamic concept. This means that this feature changesover time and location. The spatiotemporal modeling of this concept can help monitoringthe quality of urban life and planning for its improvement...

Introduction: Droughts are long-term phenomena that affect vast areas, causing significant economic damages andlosses in human lives. Droughts are the most costly natural disaster in the world, and affect more people than any other natural disaster. Therefore, it is important to develop early warning systems to mitigate the effects of drought. The easiest way to monitor drought is to use drought indices that calculate drought severity, duration and actual range for each drought type. Several drought indices have been developed based on different variables and parametersto assess drought types. Soil moisture is a significant hydrological variable related to flood and drought and plays an important role in the process of converting precipitation into runoff andstorage of groundwater. Due to the difficulty, cost and time required for the field measurements of soil moisture, this parameter has not been widely used in drought indexes. Recent developments of global databases, based on satellite estimates, as well as rapid progress in hardware and software for modeling complex processes governing the water balance at the ground surface, have led to many efforts to deploy this new tool to reduce the limitations in this field. In this research, a new drought index based on soil moisture, derived from the land surface models of Global Land Data Assimilation System (GLDAS-SMDI) has been provided to monitor the evolution of drought severity. Thisindex is based on the fact that soil moisture is a determinant factor in most of complex environmental processes and has an important role in the occurrence of drought...

Introduction: City has long been regarded as one of the human achievements by civilizations. Urban structure is part of the basic and mainconcepts of urban engineering knowledge and, in fact, is the foundation of its formation, and it is of great importance that some urban planners in developed countries regard it as equal to the spatial planning of the city. Today, lots of driving forces exert pressure on the environment. Change in land use and land cover is one of the pressures caused by driving factors such as population and its increase. The destruction of urban landscape, and change in land use and land cover are cases that constantly pressure the environmentof the country. Land use change is a complex and dynamic process thatinterconnect natural and human systems, therefore it directly relatesto many environmental issues that are globally significant. So, it can be stated that changes in urban structure has always been one of the most important factors, by whichmanhas influenced his environment. Given the role of environment in human life, precise information about the environmental change and the process of their changes should be achieved, which, can determine the extent of the expansion and destruction of resources, and guide these changes in appropriate courses by predicting urban structure changes...

Introduction: Urban old fabrics are supposed to be one of the most vulnerable parts, which are affected in natural disasters mostly earthquakes. The buildings in such areas have no sufficient resistance because of long age and life span and in case of earthquake they are collapsed and may follow the losses of life and property. The main purpose of this article is to analyze and investigate the vulnerability of old fabrics in the downtown Boroujerd city to countermeasure the earthquake and to manage the crisis after the occurrence. The nature of this research is theoretical and practical and the research method is descriptive-analytial. The required data have been collected from library and through field work. In this study, AHP method is used to analyze the area under investigation. The extracted indices are analyzed with the help of GIS and Arcmap. The results indicate high and intensive vulnerability of buildings, if an earthquake occurs. The majority of buildings are suffering from low quality materials, high population density and the establishment of organic tissue and narrow alleys, which results in the rise of destruction and therefore, causes heavy losses of life and property. The readiness to counter the crisis can mitigate the earthquake effects and by knowing the special dimensions of vulnerable buildings, population and also road networks, can speed up the process, and by using time, reduce the casualties which is possible only when parameters are available for making geospatial data basis..

Among the natural disasters, floods involve the highesthuman casualties. The economic damages of flood in developing countries, including Iran, is much more, and its occurrence is very high particularly in the cold months of the year in the west of the country. By studying the synoptic maps of the Earth’ s surface and the middle and upper levels of the atmosphere, many Earth-surface phenomena such as flood, based on the spatial arrangement of the pressurecurves or the height and the location of patterns on these maps, the pattern of daily weather conditions can be controlled and the origin of many of these phenomena can eventually be determined. Precipitation is the major climate phenomenon resulting from the complex interactions of the climate system and it has a complex behavior due to the bond with various components of the climate system. The occurrence of precipitation requires the provision of several conditions. The availability of moisture, deep instability and cooling, are the prerequisites for the occurrence of precipitation. All of these conditions must appear in its strongest state for the occurrence of super heavy rainfalls. The western region of Iran is a suitable area for exacerbating and extending rainfall and sometimes flooding due to the presence of mountains. This is because the role of mountains in in capturing air humidity plays a significant role in increasing the atmospheric precipitations. There are two types of approaches in synoptic studies: circulatory to environmental, and environmental to circulatory. In the study of precipitation, the environmental to circulatory classification and approach are used. The reason for thisis that, the temporal and spatial variations of rainfall are severe, and the environmental to circulatory method allows the researchers to concentrate on the precipitation and, consequently, on the synoptic patterns whichtheyintendtostudy. In this study, the heavy and pervasive rainfall in the province of Kermanshah on October 27-30, 2015, was selected and it was attempted to analyze the synoptic and thermodynamic conditions of the occurrence of this torrential rain...