Geography and Development
Year:2012 | Volume:10 | Issue:26|Papers Count:15

Introduction: In the recent years, agricultural cooperatives have played an important role in rural development through development of agriculture. Researchers are of the opinion that under normal circumstance agricultural cooperatives in the shape of fishing, animal husbandry, aviculture, forestry, beekeeping, flower and plant, play significant role in the provision of services that enhance agricultural development. They described agricultural cooperatives as a medium through which services like provision of farm input, farm implements, farm mechanization, agricultural loans, agricultural extension, members education, marketing of farm products and other economic activities and services rendered to members. Regular and optimal performance of these roles will accelerate the transformation of agriculture and rural economic development...

Introduction: Synoptic climatology term was used for the first time in U.S.A Air force at 1940s decade. Their goal of this field is to analyze the previous frequencies of climatic components and forecast the atmospheric condition based on the computations. Synoptic climatology provides useful tools for the researchers in the fields of atmosphere, environment and geography sciences and at the present it is the most rapid way to recognize the relationship between environmental processes and atmospheric cycles. today, the study of relevant different phenomenon of the climate including draughts, severe rainfalls, pollution and storms and by the use of synoptic methods presents a more acceptable results and more reliable predictions…

Introduction: Runoff changes is high due to change in land use and often making model is the only way to evaluate the potential of each area to flood. For simulating of watershed land use change effects, many water quality and hydrology models is developed which usually are integrated with a GIS.A model of environmental non-point source watershed area (ANSWERS), Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT), agricultural non-point sources (AGNPS), protecting the natural environment of the United States (NRCS) and long-term hydrology impact assessment (L-THIA) model are example of this models…

Introduction: Rapid expansion of cities, has led to emerging some problems in physical and spatial locations of them. Urban development in the last decades, caused fractal in urban land use which followed by conversion of agricultural lands to urban built up area. Nowadays, activities concerning the land use are the most important challenges of urban and environmental planners to make healthy locations. However, human activities have an important role as a threat for environment that has some negative impacts such as soil erosion, global warming and different pollutions...

Introduction: Road accident is one of the most important causes of mortality in the world and in Iran. About 24000 people lose their life in road accidents. Several environmental factors have great influences on road accidents that the share of climatic factors such as sliding areas, snow, fog and freezing is more.Different researchers have studied the relation between climatic conditions and road accidents and found significant relations between road accidents and climatic parameters…

Introduction: Sustainable development together with its complicated principles, have been globally discussed for years. The development process which started from1940, has reached to a dead end, therefore from 1980s environmental issues and development have been under a new perspective and special attention has been paid to them. This was the basis for sustainable theories. Acceptance of the definition for sustainable development from the viewpoint of UN Commissioning which a development is regarded sustainable if it enables to meet the present generation demands without neglecting the future potential for meeting the future generation demands, for the difficulty of determining the future generation needs and demands is faced with some problems...

Introduction: Rivers and streams are fully dynamic systems and their position, shape and other morphological characteristics are changing continually over the time. Due to the bank’s erosion and displacement of river banks, every year a great surface of agricultural lands, residential areas and bank facilities are being destructed. Different factors effect on the destruction of river floor and walls, including scour erosion of the banks, erosion and destruction due to entering agricultural drainage and so on…

Introduction: Drought is a complicated phenomenon that arises from lack of rain and increasing of temperature. It may happen in all climates. Unlike flood, finding the beginning, duration and ending of drought is so difficult. It may last for weeks and months to recognize that really the drought has happened or not.Although drought happens fewer than other phenomenon in comparing with other natural disasters, but has dedicated the first rank from the view point of people’s life and financial damages…

Introduction: Changeability is one of the characteristics of climatology, and natural seasons unlike the calendar seasons are variable. Therefore, natural seasons have time- spatial changes. These changes are recognizable throughout Iran. Some of natural seasons such as winter and spring are not seen in some areas of Iran, and other seasons like summer are dominant in Iran for a long time. Therefore, summer or winter does not simultaneously occur all over the land as a climatic period…

Introduction: Given that Iran is located on the Seismicity belt of Alps-Himalaya and since we occasionally have seen huge and destructive earthquakes such as Bam and Tarom, the investigation and study of active tectonic and assessment of threat and risk of such damages in big cities are very important. Zayandehroud River, is known as the greatest and most famous permanent river of the Center of Iran on which the Zayandehroud dam has been established…