Geography and Development
Year:2012 | Volume:10 | Issue:27|Papers Count:13

From 1970s onward, the concept and meaning of development was revised that the result of this change was the concept of human development. An important dimension of human development is sustainable development which emphasizes on changing human based view to production based view. Accordingly, physical capital is not the only investment in a country but also human and social capitals gain more importance and can be an essential tool with high capability and performance in clarifying and solving the issues and problems human society faced with, which provide the situation for achieving sustainable development. Hence, the concept of sustainable development sees the environment health and tendency to sustainable development through the partnership of local organizations.

Exacerbation of the global warming will be inevitable in the coming decades due to the current pace of emission of greenhouse gases. So that he global warming will have the same impact on either environment and natural flora and fauna or human activities. Due to locating most part of Iran in the arid and semi-arid climate, the study of regimes of temperature and precipitation in Iran under the impact of global warming gains importance. Different methods have been developed to simulate and predict the future climate, the most comprehensive of which is general circulation models (GCM). These models have been developed with the objective of simulating all tree-dimensional properties of the weather. This feature makes these methods the most comprehensive of the atmospheric models of forecasting the future regimes of the weather.

In order to reduce the country’s dependence on oil revenues and develop new sources of foreign exchange earnings, using its great potential of natural gas resources and preserve and broaden its geo-economic role in the region and the world, the Islamic Republic of Iran should implement a high-profit, low-risk, and reliable trading strategy for macro scale selling of its natural gas. The main question of this paper is that, among the five major trading markets, namely the Persian Gulf, Indian Subcontinent, East Asia, China, and Europe, which one has the above said strategic features and criteria.

Several methods have been offered to explain the uneven change patterns in the form of developmental investigations as well as studies of geomorphologic processes and systematic literature probes. One of these methods entails the creation of a mathematical model based on analytic extrapolations and numerical simulations, while another is modeling physical landscape changes, using reality display hard wares on a small scale (Massly and Zimpfer, 1976). A third approach is based on the assumption that creating the revolutionary patterns of a geomorphic landscape can be reconstructed by analyzing the phenomenal procedure present on the site, and therefore the difficulties of time could be eliminated by developmental changes. Accordingly, it is believed that if one landscape elapses its revolution creation in six stages, it is not necessary to observe and record the analysis from the start to the end, but in every stage of creation, the index form in the change scene is created as a prevailing phenomenon in which such forms are not destroyed in successive stages and few remain in the landscape. Now, if in the final stage of geomorphic landscape we witness several forms, which do not create the prevailing form but which exist in the scene, then each of the remaining forms can be separated and shown.

The time variability of precipitation is considered as a key factor affecting on the structure and functioning of ecosystems, but from the view point of size and scale is far less than the spatial variability (Knapp and Smith, 2001; Austin et al, 2004; Collins et al, 2008). Determine the most appropriate interpolation methods at a regional level and its spatial and location distribution, is necessary for spatial distribution of rainfall. There are different methods to estimate parameters that as the classical methods, such as Thissen and arithmetic average proposed. Although all of these calculations are quick and easy, but for reasons including failure to consider the location, layout and relationship between them, are not of good accuracy. There are other methods that consider the spatial correlation structures of the data are of great importance that such method is geostatistic. In geostatistic, first the presence or absence of spatial structure of the data is presented and then if there is spatial structure, data analysis is performed.

Iran has a variable and very complicated climate: hot and dry in Central deserts, Monsoonal rainfall in South East regions, Dry and Cold in Northern boundaries and wet and mild in Caspian Sea beaches. Generally, about 70 percent of the average rainfall in the country falls between November and March. Rainfall varies from season to season and from year to year. Precipitation is sometimes concentrated in local, but violent storms causing erosion and local flooding, especially in the winter months. A small area along the Caspian coast has a very different climate; here rainfall is heaviest from late summer to mid winter but falls in general throughout the year. Geographical conditions of Iran has great differences, so that besides the two high mountain chains of Alborz in the north and Zagros in the west, there are areas with low elevation at Caspian sea and center of Iran named Dasht-e Lut and Dasht-e Kavir.

Meanders are of dynamic landscapes and important shapes affecting on the characteristics of flood plains, which are formed for different reasons and displaced under some conditions in various shapes. These geomorphologic and hydrological phenomenon are the most important factors of changing the flood plains and also are the main reason of increasing the entering sediments in to the rivers. By knowing this fact that the type of configuration at the rivers’ flow path especially the existence of meanders are not accidental at most of the times, therefore through the study of the configuration of the rivers’ path and recognition of the factors effective on changing their flow path, it is possible to recognize the dominant dynamism on the river’s flow in the time period of the study and also the manner and trend of changes’ occurrence in the current situation in the flood plains and manner of dominancy of possible conditions in the future.

Considering the impact of climatic and environmental factors in creation of residential spaces is not a new debate. From the beginning, human has tried to create a favorable living place based on the temperature and climatic conditions of his living area. Also in terms of scientific and technical point of view, the climatic design or compatible architecture with the climate has been developed as a scientific debate for many years. The discussion of climatic design has two important aspects,, creating better quality and thermal comfort in the buildings and saving fuel required for heating control of such building.Therefore, it is required to determine design regulations based on the climatic conditions of that area. Considering the importance of the said subject, the goal of this article is to determine the proper direction and orientation of buildings and proper depth of the canopy for residential buildings of Sabzevar for achieving part of climatic design principles.

Soil erosion is an important challenge in the recent century. Water resources pollution, decrease in water storage capacity of dams, and decrease in environmental potential are the results of erosion. EPM, MPSIAC and PSIAC are the general methods that used for erosion evaluation. These models need the exact information and their output depends on the number and correctness of this information.Lack of information is one of the most important problems for statistical analysis and studies of erosion and sedimentation. This problem is important especially in developing countries such as Iran. In the recent years, GIS with a large capacity, helps the researchers for cl assification, storage and update the important information as layers or tables and decreased the human errors. The main goal of this study is evaluating the sedimentation and erosion ability of a catchment via EPM, MPSIAC and PESIAC models using GIS.

According to Glantz, s theory, desertification term has about one hundred definitions (Glantz, 1977). The common point in all these definitions is the severe demolition of the environment due to desertification. Some of these definitions are: ecosystem degradation (Reining, 1978), degradation of plant species (Le Houerou, 1975), decrease of ecosystem production and a decrease in biological production. Each of these definitions shows the ecosystem change from favorable conditions to unfavorable conditions and decrease of biological production. In the Environment and Development conference of the United Nations held in Riodojaniro in 1992, desertification was defined as: land degradation and demolition of dry, semi dry and dry semi humid areas as the result of human activities and climatic changes. At present desertification is a serious problem plagued many countries of the world. Considering and paying attention to desertification for a country like Iran which 80 million hectares of which is covered by dry and semi dry areas, is a necessary and inevitable issue.