Social Problems of Iran
Year:2012 | Volume:2 | Issue:2 (NEW SERIES OF THE SPECIAL ISSUE OF SOCIAL SCIENCES OF JOUNAL OF THE FACULTY OF LITERATURE AND HUMANITIES)|Papers Count:9

The present research studies cultural aspect of poverty titled "culture of poverty". For the first time this concept presented in details by Oscar Louis and as a result of his field investigations. To briefly describe this concept it could be said that “the poor don’t praise consciously their own poverty, though they preserve it unconsciously”.This research by extracting the most important indicators of the poverty culture like fatalism, consumption and no inclination to savings, social alienation, and lack of futurism and blaming poverty has studied this phenomenon and its related factors through a survey among citizens of Delphan, Lorestan province.The results showed that about 80 percent of study samples suffer from poverty culture in average or above average. According to the explanatory results, there is a meaningful correlation between poverty culture and cultural capital, level of religiosity and living place with 99 percent level of confidence. Furthermore, no significant correlation observed between poverty culture and use of media.

The feeling of inequality as a factor disrupting social order is a significant preventing element for cooperation. To evaluate the impact of feelings of inequality mechanism on cooperation, the “rational choice theory” was selected due to the impact of feelings of inequality on actors’ rational choice and its capacity to explain the problem from various aspects.It was assumed that the feeling of inequality affect four types of rationalities, including instrumental, practical-authoritative, collective-particularistic, and formal- universal rationalities, has some effects on cooperation. Its effect also proceeds via variables consisting rationality, that is, egoistic individualism, myopic rationality, social anxiety, social trust, societal identity, and non-consequential ethic.The present study has been carried out by survey method among 343 people aging over 18, living in Tehran that selected through cluster- random sampling in micro level. Stepwise regression technique shows that the feeling of inequality decreases cooperation via decreasing the formal-universal and collective-particularistic rationality, and increasing the instrumental rationality. The feeling of inequality decreases cooperation mostly via the variables of social identity, non-consequential ethics, and egoistic individualism.

This paper aims to explain the different governance quality. Therefore, the question is how we can explain the different quality of governance among countries? The theoretical framework of study formulated in this way: social capital is the necessity conditions for good governance. According to theoretical framework, the research hypotheses were examined by empirical data.It is a cross-national comparative study. The analysis unit is country and for data analysis fuzzy method and Fs/QCA software was used. Empirical findings by consistency score indicate that fuzzy relationship between two sets of good governance and social capital is 0.71. This score reveals that about 71% of cases confirm that social capital is necessary condition for good governance. Converge score between social capital and good governance is 0.72. This shows that 72% of good governance space is covered by social capital. So, social capital is an important necessary condition for good governance.

Today, husbands’ violence against wives is a pervasive problem which knows no cultural, social, and economic boundaries. The main objective of the present study has been to identify and to analyze the influential social factors on husbands’ violence against their wives. The method of the study was survey and data collected through self-administrated questionnaire which its reliability was (a= 0.91) and its validity was confirmed by construct and content validity.The study population includes all married women at age of 15-45 living in Tehran (region four). Totally, 400 women were selected on the basis of multistage cluster sampling. Theoretical frameworks were Patriarchal theory, social learning and resource theories. Independent variables which explain the dependent variables (husbands’ violence) have been social support resources, gender ideology, tolerance toward violence, wife power in the family structure, relative socioeconomic status and violence in the family of origin.The results of regression analysis showed that among six independent variables, wife power in family structure with regression effect coefficient (b=-0.43) was the most important variable for explaining the husband’s violence against wives. Also such variables as violence in the family of origin, tolerance toward violence, social support resources, gender ideology and relative socio-economic status were other predictor variables, respectively.

The present paper deals with the study of relationship between social factors and teachers’ job burnout in Ghorveh town. The survey method and questionnaire was used to collect data. Statistical population consists of all teachers (1491) of three levels (primary, secondary and high schools) in 1389 (2011), from which 317 subjects selected as the sample by stratified sampling.In this study burnout includes three dimensions: emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and reduced efficiency. Based on the results, the size of social network has no effect on the rate of job burnout however, a significant and reversed relationship exists between social network variety and job burnout (emotional exhaustion and inefficiency). Mental participation has a relation with the dimension of emotional exhaustion and depersonalization and objective participation relate with reduced efficiency. There is a reversed and significant correlation between organizational support and burnout (emotional exhaustion and depersonalization) variables.Organizational justice and relative deprivation variables have reversed and significant correlation with the dimensions of emotional exhaustion, and social status variable has reversed and significant relation with three dimensions of job burnout. The results of this research about contextual variables indicate that the rate of burnout (reduced efficacy) of primary teachers is less than secondary and high school teachers, and depersonalization of teachers whose level of education is low is more than others. There is reversed relationship between years of teaching with burnout (reduced efficacy).

In recent decades, the effect of the sources of state-nation’s income on society has attracted more attention. Theories such as the renter state, natural resource curse, and the Dutch disease in different fields of social science support this argument.There are two paradoxical views on the consequences of state different revenue resource abundance. Some scholars point out to the negative consequences of resource abundance on socio-political structure of country. In contrast, the opponents emphasize on positive consequences of resource abundance on the growth of democratic institutions, rule of law, effective governance, political stability, and so on.The authors have provided a summary of different views and then, examined the effects of primary commodity exports and foreign aid by using a large Number of cases.Data were gathered from international sources for all countries with reliable data, and its average from 1996 to 2009 was analyzed.The research findings confirmed negative effects of resource abundance. The negative impact on political stability and democracy is more outstanding than others while the negative impact of foreign aid on corruption control and the rule of law are higher, and foreign aid has no significant effect on democracy.

Political authorities are among the most influential segments of a society, and social mobility (up position) is one of the most important sociological issues. Hence, the study of amount and type of political elite mobilization in the hierarchy of power structure in society is indispensable. Therefore, in this article a new scale proposed to measure the mobility of Iranian political elite by using theories and methods of measuring mobility in the time frame of 1979-2010.To this end, in a multi-stage process, first the elites’ job positions were identified. In the second stage, hierarchical structure of positions was determined based on the criteria included in the Constitution. Finally, in terms of numerical average of key informants’ comments about the value of each key political position were set in an interval level.Average results obtained from a standardized questionnaire given to experts. This scale measures the value of the job positions of political authorities in Iran for the first time. The measurement occurred in the interval level.Research findings related to the scores of the political situation values showed that the value of high political positions has experienced fundamental changes in 1989(amended constitution). The review of the situations value taken by a sample of political leaders (heads of three branches) within the eight periods showed their mobility in comparison with each other. Position value scores (Table 1) provide the likelihood of examining factors affecting the mobility in each arbitrary set of political authorities.