STRATEGIC STUDIES ON YOUTH AND SPORTS
Year:2019 | Volume:17 | Issue:42|Papers Count:21

Today, health is one of the main pillars of sustainable development and an integral part of it. In other words, imagination of having a developed society without a healthy population is an illusion. Since Sport and especially sport for all, is the life expectancy of the population through health promotion, one of the indicators of human development can be seen in communities. This study is based on a survey approach to explain the impact of social variables (family, media and formal education) on the institutionalization of sport in the country. The citizens living in Tehran were as the population and 480 subjects were chosen randomly from the four metropolitan area. The data collected by means of questionnaires. The reliability and validity of the questionnaires were obtained through Cronbach's alpha coefficient threshold using the construct validity. The results revealed that there is a significant relationship between family and institutionalization of sport. Results of regression analysis showed that the family can be compared to the mass media and formal education. Also a stronger predictor of institutionalization of sport results showed solidarity between the media and formal education, but there was no significant relationship with the institutionalization of sport.

The study is to develope a job performance model based on organizational virtuousness among the staff of Ministry of Sport and Youth in Iran. This research is a descriptive-correlation one and is done based on Traversal-Field method by using questionnaires. The statistical sample was including 397 staff of Ministry of Sport and Youth and statistical samples were selected by Random Sampling. The measurement tools for gathering data were Organizational Virtuousness Cameron questionnaire (2004) and Job Performance Patterson questionnaire (1992) that the content validity of the questionnaires confirmed by 15 Sport Managment professors. So questionnaire's reliability was approved respectively α = 0/864 and α =0/868 By Cronbach's alpha. The Data were analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling via Software LISREL. The results of structural model for job performance based on organizational Virtuousness showed that all questions have a significant effect on the model (P< 0/01). Fitting indicators of structural model is a good fitness and job performance could have a significant effect on organizational virtuousness among youth and sport ministry staff (P< 0/01, T= 8/19, β = 0/69).

Street disturbances are the most important problems for women in urban public spaces, having wide implications for them. The study is to investigate the relationship between street disturbances against girls and young women with trust and social health. It employs a survey research technique in terms of research method, and a cross-sectional research analysis in terms of time. The research statistical population consisted of girls and young women aged 18-33 years in Tabriz in 2018 who were selected via a multi-stage cluster sampling method. Using the Cochran formula, 384 people were selected as the sample size. To measure the independent variables, the researcher-made Social Trust Questionnaire, Keyes Social Health Questionnaire, and to measure street disturbances, the Disturbance Street Questionnaire of Riahi and Lotfi Khachaki (2016) were employed. Validity and reliability of these questionnaires were confirmed through face and construct validity as well as Cronbach's alpha coefficient test. The findings indicated that the mean of street disturbances and its two dimensions (physical disturbances sexual harassment, and proposals) are lower than moderate level, but the level of non-physical interactions is moderate. Moreover, there is a significant negative correlation between street disturbance and its dimensions (physical, non-physical disturbances, proposals, and sexual harassment) with social trust and social health of girls and young women in Tabriz City. In addition, the variables (physical and non-physical disturbances, proposals, and sexual harassment) entering the research regression model can explain 24% of variances in social trust and 22% of variances in social health of the participants.

Hope and optimism about the future life are signs of dynamism and vitality in society and ideas for social improvement. Hope for future plays an important role in youthʼ s life as builders of future. Since youth are a group of society, they effort for the future and young generation can form tomorrow the way they contemplate today. Accordingly, this study is to delineate the attitudes and feelings over the future of young people and social factors affecting it. This study combines the theoretical framework of Durkheim, Merton and Leeʼ s theory of anomie, relative deprivation theory, social comparison theory and Gap theory. This research is performed using the survey method by means of multi-stage cluster sampling among 260 male and female students of University of Tehran. The results showed that the future expectancy is less than the average. Among the factors affecting future expectancy, feelings of deprivation and anomie were of an inverse and significant relation and religiosity had significant positive correlation with hope for the future.

The study is to identify the effective factors on development of electronic marketing capability in professional sport of Iran. This study is a descriptive, and in view of objective, is a practical research. A questionnaire was made by the researcher, based on Likert 5 option scale, and its validity is confirmed by professionals and professors. Moreover, its reliability is examined by Cronbach’ s alpha test. Populations consist of 2 groups (80 people), which involve Faculty members of Marketing Management field (20 peoples) and Faculty members of Sport Management (60 people) field. In regard to limitation of populations, the number of samples was equals to populations and sampling method is all-counting. Descriptive statistics are utilized for describing Demographic status of respondents and their responses to research questions as well, and Partial least squares regression test are used in inferential statistics. For this reason, soft wares as PLS, MS-Excel and SPSS version 18 are operated. The Results Showed that factors include management factors, knowledge management, customer relationship management, strategies, environmental and competitive factors, website features, organizational culture, supply chain management, brand factors and resources, with significant priorities respectively, were effective factors on electronic marketing capability in professional sport of Iran.

The study is to investigate the effect of religiosity on youth social capital among secondary school students in Larestan. The theoretical framework of the research has been designed using Glarak and Stark theories of religiosity. The research method is descriptive-explanatory. The statistical population of the study is all 4371 high school students in Larestan, 374 of who were sampled by multi-stage cluster sampling. The data gathering tool was a researcher-made questionnaire. The validity (content validity) of formal content and reliability (reliability) were calculated with Cronbach's alpha, which was 0/80 for the social capital variable and 0. 86 for the religiosity variable. The results of the research showed that there is an effective relationship between the religious beliefs and each dimension of social capital, although this relationship is weaker in the dimensions of trust and participation. On the other hand, there is an effective relationship between the emotional dimension and each aspect of social capital, although this relationship is weaker in the partnership dimension. There is also an effective relationship between the consequence dimension of social capital, although this relationship is weaker in the dimensions of trust and participation, as well as between the dimension of ritual and each dimension of social capital, there is a stronger relationship than the other dimensions of religiosity, which is the sign. The regression test showed that the variance was able to predict only 33. 5% of the social capital variable.

Healthy marriage is of essential role in forming healthy family. The study is to identify a successful marriage. This study was done as a qualititivie research based on grounded Theory method. The statisticd population of this study were the whole couple of Yasuj city that thay had married at least 5 years ago. The purposeful sampling was used to collect the data. Sampling continued until theoretical saturation was obtained totally 26 participants (13couples) which high marital satisfaction were interviewed in semi structured and in depth method and analyzed using the constant comparative method of struss and corbin. The results showed that successful marriage factors were of wide range. Identified factors were indidual factors, factors related to couples relation, factors related to couplesmain family, social – cultural factors parental factors. Any of obtained factors contain different categories. Understanding and identification of the influencing factors in the successful and stable marriage in successful couples can be considered as a model and a direction for couples and will benefit for pdychologists and counsolors of marriage and will eventually assist to the society health.

This survey research is to identify the factors affecting the effectiveness of youth non-governmental organizations in Fars Province. The statistical population was the all 54 active youths' NGOs in Shiraz city. The sample size was 273 people who were selected through stratified random sampling from 34 organizations and completed a researcher-made questionnaire with 73 items. Validity and reliability of the questionnaire were acceptable. Data were analyzed using one sample t-test, multiple regressions, independent samples t-test, Pearson correlation coefficient and one way ANOVA. The findings indicated that the effectiveness of the NGOs was slightly higher than average. Furthermore, there was significant relationship between human, social and cultural capital and structural factors with NGOs' effectiveness. The result revealed the importance of all sorts of capitals and structural factors in effectiveness of youths' NGOs.

Policymaking advertising is one of the important duties of public institutes and organizations such as ministries for their sub-organizations. In spite of this necessity, Sports celebrity endorsement advertising in Iran lacks policymaking. Therefore, the current research is to investigate policymaking challenges of sports celebrity endorsement advertising in Iran in the sociological, managerial and political-economic areas. Considering research objective, this is a developmental study and regarding research methodology, it was a qualitative one conducted using theme analysis. The research statistical population consisted of specialists of sports law, advertising, policymaking and sport management and marketing with an unknown volume. Using purposeful sampling method, 15 experts participated to the semi-structured, in-depth interview, and the process of analysis came to an end with theoretical saturation criterion. The quality of findings was also verified by recoding some of data. The set of conducted encodings together with a mass of notes taken by researchers showed that the policymaking challenges of sports celebrity endorsement advertising in Iran are of three types: managerial challenges, sociological challenges, and political-economic challenges. Managerial challenges include cognitive weaknesses and system weaknesses. Considering the identified challenges in this research, policies of sports celebrity endorsement advertising in Iran can be formulated.

It is highly important to identify the factors influencing the observations of ethical values by players and coaches in small and great events. Therefore, the present research is to examin the relation between emotional intelligence and ethical decision-making among soccer coaches in Tehran. This research is descriptive-co relational, and is conducted in the field. The subjects of this study were all the coaches of the Premier League in Tehran soccer (Tehran Vision) in 1394 which includes 62 people. The tools employed included standard questionnaires of decision-making in Caswell’ s (2003) difficult situations, and Lan et al’ s (2009) emotional intelligence questionnaire. The data were analyzed through Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression tests. The results showed that there is a positive, significant correlation between all the subscales of emotional intelligence and the ethical decision-making of the coaches. Finally, the results of the regression showed that emotional intelligence and self-regulation subscales and optimism can anticipate the ethical decision-making of the coaches.

It is highly important to identify the factors influencing the observations of ethical values by players and coaches in small and great events. Therefore, the present research is to examin the relation between emotional intelligence and ethical decision-making among soccer coaches in Tehran. This research is descriptive-co relational, and is conducted in the field. The subjects of this study were all the coaches of the Premier League in Tehran soccer (Tehran Vision) in 1394 which includes 62 people. The tools employed included standard questionnaires of decision-making in Caswell’ s (2003) difficult situations, and Lan et al’ s (2009) emotional intelligence questionnaire. The data were analyzed through Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression tests. The results showed that there is a positive, significant correlation between all the subscales of emotional intelligence and the ethical decision-making of the coaches. Finally, the results of the regression showed that emotional intelligence and self-regulation subscales and optimism can anticipate the ethical decision-making of the coaches.

Sports organizations are secret forces to help the government develop sports for all and help promotion of community health. These organizations are volunteers, independent of the government, and at the same time non-profit, serve the people, and therefore they can be called the voices of the people. NGOs are the hallmark of the participation of various people, and participation in sport for all is one of the main drivers of health promotion in society. In the same vein, this research has been conducted with a view to reviewing effective ways of contributing to the participation of NGOs in the sports sector for all, in line with the government's policy on health. The research method was qualitative and exploratory. The statistical population of this study was made up of all people with specialization in the field of public sports and sports organizations that had precedents in this field. Samples were selected through snowball sampling method and interviewed with 18 specimens until reaching theoretical saturation. The validity of the interviews was calculated by examining the form and content of the questions and the reliability of the instrument through the open test method and the reliability coefficient of the interviews was 83%. To analyze the data obtained from the interviews, open source, axial and selective codings were used. The results showed selective coding: structural and organizational factors, behavioral factors (individual and group), and environmental factors contributing to the participation of NGOs in the sports sector for all, were effective in terms of the government's state-of-the-art health policy.

The study is to identify the purpose, extent and method of using the youth of Hamadan province from virtual social networks and the challenges facing them by examining the impact of these networks on four variables of hijab and chastity, religious and individual identity, interaction with family and depression and isolation. The statistical population of this study was all individuals aged 14 to 29 years old in Hamadan province. A researcher-made questionnaire was used to collect data, which was validated by experts and the reliability level of 0. 71 was obtained using Cronbach's alpha method. T-test was used to analyze the data according to the level of measurement of variables. The results showed that Telegram has the first rank of influence among the youth and entertainment and entertainment has been the main purpose of using social networks. Findings with a significance level of 0/05 showed that virtual social networks reduce compliance with hijab and chastity, disturbing individual and religious identities, and weakness in the interaction of individuals with their families. The findings also indicated that virtual social networks do not have a significant effect on the degree of depression and individual isolation of young people.

Cultural development is the basis of real and sustainable development in all fields including sports system. Since sport is inherently cultural, sport development has been at the forefront of developmental documents and country development programs in the cultural development model. The research is to explain the dimensions and approaches of cultural development of sport and its effective factors in the sport of the country. This research is applied in terms of its purpose and it has been done by documentary method based on qualitative content analysis method and three-strain method has been used to strengthen the validity of research. The findings showed that out of a total of 135 codified propositions, 23 categories as effective factors, in the form of three approaches: 1. Extension and participation in sport. 2. Development of value, ethics and native and national identity in sport. 3. Sport as a tool and goal. Developed, identified and categorized. Accordingly, general policies and leadership manifestations, development of the sport system, attention to the health approach, social development, political development, attention to family and leisure time, attention to value, ethics, indigenous and national identity, attention to the sport of the championship, attention to Sports and education, Indicators of quantitative development of sport, management and planning, economic and infrastructure development of sport, investment development, attention to indigenous and local sports, development of sports culture, scientific and educational development, media and advertising, legal development of sport, attention to encouragement and punishment, monitoring and evaluation, private sector participation, the development of equal opportunities and attention to the development of women's sports. All of the most important factors influencing cultural development of sport and its approaches of sport in this regard are also dependent on culture and cultural development at the macro level.