Comparative Law Researches
Year:2019 | Volume:23 | Issue:1 (103)|Papers Count:8

Lien right is one of sanctions which is determined for protection from warrantee where contract is faced with delay. But possibility of performance of this right has not been studied in contractual omission obligations. Whereas the lien right means suspension of performance of obligation and the contractual omission obligation means non-performance of a specified act, this question has not been asked till now, if there are necessary conditions for it, is it possible to perform this right in practice. Also for differences between Afghanistan& Iran law, necessary conditions for performing the lien right has been studied in both system. Information for this paper has been gathered by referring to library sources and studied by analytical-descriptive methods. According to the results, instances for performance and waive of the lien are more in Afghanistan law than Iran. Additionally, by studying legal general principles, Islamic jurisprudence rules and the cases studies ofimplementation of this right, a general principle was created for using the lien right in the contractual omission obligations, this is, if implement of this right eventuated in loss of matter of obligation, fulfilment of lien right is not possible, and where this does not take place, warrantee has the authority to do it.

In Iran, there is no particular statute for registration of military inventions while a unique decree has been approved related to the matter that regarding its substance, could not legislate about the matter while ignoring the law of invention registing. In this research, for giving a resolution and recognizing military powers experiences concerning the matter, through referring to patent and national defense regulations of two countries being studied by the research, we study the registration process of military inventions and the way by which national defense rights are imposed upon economic and moral rights of the owner. In most countries, due to the importance of the military and invention importance, armament competition, while respecting secrecy rules, to guarantee mentioned matters, the filing process is abandoned as well as granting of the patent to the owner. Though, in Iran, like Turkey and China, the military invention is registered and the patent is granted as well; though, the process of registration is confidential. In the entire of us, through issuance of the orders such as secrecy or invention abandonment, the owner is excluded from the rights such as exploitation, manufacture and divulgation. In the case of any violation against state's defense law, the infringer will face severe criminal, civil, security measures and administrative sanctions. Regardless of those limitations, instead, the states, to conserve creativeness in inventor and promote military construction, have conferred some rights to the owner such as; mandatory use, compensation of suspension of use. It's recommended that, by special legislation, every matter pertaining to national defense rights, the institute responsible for registration, review manner and filing procedure, limitations and punishment and finally compensation methods be established.

The condition of non-liability in insurance has been less considered by researchers and existing laws. The ambiguity of the conditions of these terms and referral of the condition of these terms to the private conditions of the insurance policy, due to the extension of insurance contracts and the superior trading power of insurance companies, is criticized, often to the detriment of the insurers and beneficiaries of the insurance policy Ends. However, according to legal basis, it is possible to cancel the condition of non-responsibility for the main obligation of the insurer, but this ambiguity continues with the insurer's underwriting obligations. Also, in cases where the condition of non-liability is minor, although such a condition is subject to the principal obligation, considering that such a condition does not eliminate the overall effect of the insurance contract, it is not possible to invalidate or insert the insurance contract. But in general, the referral of the status of the condition of non-responsibility to private conditions has created opportonities for misuse. For this reason, reform of existing laws and regulations seems to be necessary from this perspective.

The necessity for paying costs such as court costs is a major obstacle in people’ s access to justice. As the costs of society and justice’ s administration increase, in the one hand providing legal aid by government has faced challenge and in the other hand, scholar’ s effort to ensure procedural human rights and promoting individual’ s access to court amounted to devising new form for funding litigation costs. One way for prevailing individuals financial inability for litigation and government’ scarcity to provide them the aid, is to privatize funding the costs which can include various mechanisms such as conditional fee, third party funding or legal expense’ s insurance (LEI). Insurance coverage can be before or after the dispute, in the same time the coverage may be in the form of package deal insurance or free-standing contract. In Iran law, in addition to the foreseeability of covering these costs in the form of package deal insurance by central insurance’ regulations, the free-standing contract has been provided by some insurers. It appears this type of insurance should be considered a valid contract too, according to freedom of contracts and its congruence with mandatory rules on the one hand, and its suitable function in facilitating individuals’ access to court, preventing self-help and meeting public order on the other hand.

Expectation interest with the approach of the motivation support of parties from conclusion of the agreement is accepted as the most efficient criterion for assessing contractual damages in Common European Sales Law, Draft Common Frame of Reference and Principles of European Law. Expectation interest means to put the contractual injured party in the position if the contract had been performed. This theory, not only has its particular bases and principles, but also can be justified through the principles governing contractual remedies such as the principle selection freedom of the efficient remedies. Theoretically the principles such as the Transactional nature of the contract, contract as a property and consistency with the theory of efficient breach necessity of playing equal to the rate at the payment the full compensation principle can be cited. Although this criterion has faced some challenges in Iranian law according to article 515 of the civil procedure law, but assessing damages based on this criteria according to the effect that can have on the motivation of parties regarding conclusion of the agreement, optimal allocation of resources, reaching to the contractual objective has particular efficiency. So the current article studies on feasibility of acceptance in Iranian law with the efficiency analysis of this criteria and its relation with particular efficiency.

International relations disputes arising from secured transactions and non-compliance of conflict of laws rules and sufficiency of regulations in this regard has been developed to different theories in the determine of applicable law in the secured transactions in intellectual property. Important scientific centers around the world have also come up with suggestions in this regard. Such as the American Law Institute, the Max Planck and UNCITRAL Groups. In spite of the acceptance of the party autonomy in determining the applicable law, the acceptance of this theory in intellectual property issues is uncertain. Today, regardless of the party autonomy, two important criteria for determining of applicable law have been accepted. The law of debtor’ s location and the law of the protection state (territorial principle). In American law, in particularly in the uniform commercial code (UCC), while accepting the principle of most connection, the debtor location of the collateral has introduced as the main criterion. Additionally, the supplement of UNCITRAL Guide for Intellectual Property (IP) has put forward four suggestions on this subject but it mainly focuses on the territorial principle. The principles of Max Planck have also accepted the law of the protection state in this regard. Rome's code has adopted a theory of the most connection. Also, In Article 968 of the Civil Code of Iran, the place for conclusion of contract is the criterion, However, in the Iran International Commercial Arbitration Act also accepted the proper law accordance with the rules of conflict law, but the application of this rule ultimately leads to the application of Article 968. In terms of all content, In Iranian law, the writer sultimately accepts the party’ s autonomy of the contract as a rule of conflict law, and in the absence of choice of law, the location of collateral debtor as a rule of conflict law accepted.