Archives of Rehabilitation (Journal of Rehabilitation)
Year:2000 | Volume:1 | Issue:2|Papers Count:19

Mental Practice (MP) can be defined as the symbolic, covert, mental rehearsal of a task in the absence, overt physical rehearsal Elements such as similar time between actual execution and mental performance of a task, the increase of regional cerebral blood flow, vegetative activation, and enhancement in muscle electromyographic (EMG) activity during Mental Practice Suggests that mental practice imitates physical performance of task. Since physical practice (PP) can, to some extent, improve movement coordination in stroke patients, it is assumed that the application of MP would be beneficial to enhance movement coordination in such patients. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of MP on coordination of upper limbe movements in hemiplegic patients. Fifteen hemiplegic patients (age range 20-70 yrs) were participated in this study. All patients were selected of the following criteria: absence of aphasic, apraxia, and cognitive problem. The patients were randomly assigned to three groups, MP, PP, and PP+MP. Results: 1.PP and MP Significantly improved movement coordination. 2PP did not give different results when compared to MP. 3. PP combined with MP Produced significantly higher scores than each one alone. Conclusion: In spite of the small size in this study, the efficacy of MP shown here Therefore MP similar to PP should be used in physiotherapy.

Objective: Comparison of interaural attenuation between insert receiver made button receiver and Standard earphone. Design: Quasi-experimental survey. Place and date: Department of audiology, School of Rehabilitation Sciences IUMS 1999-2000. Subjects: Foutry 20-25 years old, male students with bilateral normal hearing. Results: 1) IA Obtained with insert receiver at frequencies 250, 500, 1000 and 2000 Hz was greater than those produced by standard earphone specially there will be reducing of IA difference between insert receiver and earphone of frequency increases. 2) Average IA values become larger for air–conduction by standard earphone as frequency increase. 3) There was no significant correlation between frequency and mean IA obtained by insert receiver. Conclusion: Since our insert receiver is easily available, cheap, convenient to use and less prone for masking dilemma than standard earphones using it as insert receiver is desirable. Audiologists can use them to solve masking dilemma.    

Phonological awareness has important role in learning to read. Purpose of this research is detection of phonological awareness in post-reading and pre-reading. For studding phonological awareness three kinds of phonological awareness are used, which consist of: syllable awareness, intra-syllabic units and phoneme awareness. These tasks are samples of North and parker (1993) and Brennan and Ireson (1997). Tasks of syllable awareness consists of: synthesis syllables and syllable segmentation; task of intra-syllabic units consist of: alliteration and rhythm of  phoneme awareness consists of naming and deletion of first sound, deletion words share the same onset, naming and deletion of end sound, detection words share the same rhythm, deletion of  middle sound synthesis phoneme and phoneme segmentation. This study followed 90 subjects in three groups: 1) 5.5 years old at the kindergarten; 2) 6.5 years old at the kindergarten and 3) 6.5 years old at the first grade. Subjects lived in Tehran and were Persian language with normal intelligence, behavior, auditory and language development. Three groups acquired same results in tasks' syllable awareness and intra-syllable units. But results of phoneme awareness tasks in children at the first grade were better than two other groups. Two groups in kindergarten didn’t show good results at these tasks. There fore phoneme awareness acquired after learning to read and syllable and intra-syllable awareness exist in children before learning to read.

Background & objective: Diabetes is a common disease in all societies, Involving different parts of the body in which one of them is nervous system. Basically complications on nervous system are permanent and cause morbidity. In this study the main purpose is recognizing diabetic nervous symptoms in compare with global statistics in this field in order to better diagnose and control them. Methods & Materials: Through this descriptive study 309 diabetic patients who had record in Hamadan university of Medical Sciences were selected. On the basis of required information a question form was prepared, which was completed after careful examination of nervous system for every patient. Finally the information was analysed. Results: During the study we found out that the most sensory complain were numbness and burner feels, and the most motor complain was limb paresis. These complications were observed mainly in patients more than 50 years old, with more than 5 years diabetes experience. ‍Conclusion: Because diabetes is a disease with different complications such as neuropathy, which leads to patients inability, recognizing them and their causes, can help us to prevent the disease and consequently provide better life for patients.

Study design: A case series descriptive study was achieved at orthopedic trauma clinic of Sina hospital. Objective: To evaluate incidence of emergency cases at orthopedic trauma clinic. The major objection was planning of Sina orthopedic trauma clinic' equipment and facilities. Summary of background data: Sina orthopedic trauma clinic is a referral trauma center with vascular surgery, Hand and plastic surgery and spin surgery facilities. Many patients from Tehran and other cities come to this clinic and want good services without attention to limited available materials equipment and staff at this hospital. Methods: Every patient that came to orthopedic trauma clinic was included in this study. One trained GP physician with help of residents of orthopedic surgery gathered data of patients. Then analysis on data was performed by SPSS-9.01. Results: Seven hundreds ninety six patients came at three last months of 1998, of them, 78% were male and mean age of them was 28.8 years. Five hundred thirty had bone fracture, 49 of them had dislocation, 84 of them had crushing injury, and other had ligamentous damage. Falling was the major cause of trauma (30%), other cause were pedestrian trauma (22%), motorcycle injury (5%) and so on. Two hundreds of these patients were admitted. Conclusions: planning of hospital staff, equipment, usable material is very important factor to prepare excellent service for patients and the only method to assessment of need is correct available data in every area or state of a city or country. This study is the beginning of this project.

Objective: The epilepsy disease as one of common neurological diseases in all of communities has a specific significance. One of the helping factors to diagnosis and treatment of this disease is to identify prevalence and other effective factors of epilepsy. In this research, the main objective is determination of sex and age distribution of epilepsy, and also it's relating factors. Methods: This research is a descriptive retrospective study from 1989 to 1995. We studied 290 records of admitted epileptic patients. After designing a form, we gathered the data and then computed statistics and drew tables and diagrams. Results: Epilepsy disease was more common in males than females and the most common age was 11-20 years old. The most common age of beginning epilepsy was 2-10 years old. In the predisposing factors, cerebral disease and febrile convulsion were more common than others. Conclusion: Since epilepsy is a disease with long duration of treatment, knowing the predisposing factors help to a successive treatment.

Autism and the other disorders in the autism spectrum are behaviorally defined syndromes that can be a prolonged disorder. The specific underlying neurophysiological mechanisms simply not known, but probably several causes lead to disorders in the autism spectrum. This article is summary of recent research about etiology of autism but the search must continue. 1) Neurobiological origin, the neurobiological investigations show the role of dopamine and serotonin in pathogenesis of autism. 2) Genetic, studies in autism was established the hypothesis that genetic factors can be etiologically significant in subsets of patients. 3) With the Regional cerebral glucose metabolism measurement, autistic children had a left > right anterior rectal gyrus asymmetry as opposed to the normal right> left asymmetry in that region. 4) With the Regional cerebral blood flow measurement; no cortical regional abnormalities were found. 5) Association of epilepsy and autism; pediatric epilepsy lead to autistic regression. 6) Association of tuberous sclerosis and autism; the number of tubers was significantly greater in individuals with a diagnosis of autism those without this diagnosis. 7) Embryological origin for autism, the results and two new lines of evidence that place the initiating injury for autism around the time of neural tube closure. 8) Obstetric complications and later autistic disorder, these data do not support the view that obstetric complications increase the risk for later autism. 9) Food allergy, recent findings show a relationship between food allergy and infantile autism. 10) Head circumferences measurement, in children with autism show the larged head circumferences and increased growth.  

Adaptive behavior is defined as the manner in which people cope with the natural and social demands of their environments. Impairments in adaptive behavior are described as significant limitations in an individual's effectiveness in meeting the standards of maturation, learning, personal independence, and/or social responsibility that are expected for one's age level and cultural group, as determined by clinical assessment, and usually, standardized scales. The definition of adaptive deficiencies implies an individual's ability to cope with demands of his or her environment. Some scholars support this notion when describing adaptive behavior's relationship to mental retardation. Despite the fact that adaptive behavior scales are the necessary tools in diagnosing; training; treatment; Rehabilitation of people (Particularly with developmental disorders)and the assessment of programs, those are not available to professionals. This article tries to explain the necessity of producing/normalizing such scales, and introduces one of the most famous scales named as "Adaptive Behavior Scale-Residential and Community".

Gender identity includes individual sense of being male or female personality, which will has been typically figured by the ages of 3 or 4 years. There are two criteria in DSM-IV  A) A strong and steady identification with opposite sex,  B) Inappropriate permanent feeling with self gender or unsuitable belief in self gender role. The frequency of this disorder have consisted various rates of 6-16% among nonformal Epidemiologic studies. In order to evaluate of this disorder, we would already consider the parents reports, behavioral methods projective techniques. Meanwhile depression, behavioral abnormality and personality disorders can be figured as co-morbidities of GID. There is no exact known relationship between sexual –orientation and sexual identification. It's been revealed bio-psycho-social etiological influenced factors in this case. On basis of Zucher, Bradly and Coates theorical models, exposed that there are usually two interactive factors which known as the major causes of gender identity disorder; a general main factor that poses dynamically among family members or in child own himself /herself. Behavioral techniques, psychoanalysis and family training can be considered as management modalities, but personal and self authorization, particularly within concern to co-morbidities an other psychosocial problems are felt so great importance.

This disorder is too rare that abut 100 patients have been reported in the world. In this condition a liver enzyme (methylmalonyl CoA mutase) which should carry out one of many thousands of chemical processes that turn protein into energy or body tissues is defective. Clinical presentation of this disorder in first months of life may be failure to thrive, lethargy, poor feeding, mental retardation, and seizures. Late-onset manifestations include other neurologic findings eg; dementia, myelopathy and gait disorder. Increases in levels of plasma methylemalonic acid and homocystine confirm the diagnosis. Unlike patients with classic homocystinuria, plasma level of methionine is normal in these patients. The patient was 13.5 years old girl that presented to us due to convulsion, loosing the ability to walk, loosing appetite, developing urinary incontinence and showing intellectual regression. In a number of investigations, there was severe increasing in urinary and plasma levels of methylemalonic acid and homocysitine. The patient has commenced on treatment with high doses of vitamin B12, Betaine and carbamazepine and also physiotherapy. Following the treatment marked improvement in neurologic and mental state appeared and also Methylmalonic academia and homocystinuria was controlled.