COMPARATIVE LITERATURE RESEARCH
Year:2019 | Volume:7 | Issue:2 (20)|Papers Count:8

Mirror for princes is an important stage of political thought development and presenting traditional functions of governance system that writing them have been continued for centuries. The provenance of apparition of the mirror for princes was existence of traditional for of governance, namely autocratic and dictator governances, therefore with formation of modern countries this kind of writing style has expired. Mirror for princes are texts in the context of political operation traditions and desirable approaches of administrating the governance. In Iran and Islamic World this literature tradition has enjoyed a particular popularity. So far many papers and books have been written regarding this literature tradition particularly from viewpoint of political doctrine. However, above paper tries to examine library references through descriptive-analytical method and to examine the philosophy of apparition and development, nature, objectives, features and functions of mirror for princes. Similarly, it is shown that the most important feature of mirror for princes was offering operational plans to governances.

After World War II, the concept of human beings became a new place in western philosophy. The issue of the confrontation of man with another human beings has led to the design of the "other" theory as "existential", which ultimately leads to a moral affair. In line with these ethical changes, Emmanuel Levinas poses the reality of the Other and considers his presence in our lives, our identity and our feelings inescapable. This research analyzes the emotional relationships between the characters of two novels: "Madame Bovary"of Gustav Flaubert and "Two Landscapes" by Ghazaleh Alizadeh based on Levinas philosophical opinions. Let's begin by analyzing Levinas's philosophical and theoretical foundations of the "other" question. In the following sections we will find that one of the main themes of Flaubert and Alizadeh's works is the importance of a "other" position in the relationship of characters. Then we will study the various aspects of the concept of "other", such as "face", "sense of responsibility", and "femininity", and finally, by analyzing these dimensions in reviewing the relationships between characters, complete our research. We get In sum, the main focus of this research is to describe how the characters of these two novels encounter each other in their own situation with the "other".

The identity crisis and Existential dichotomy are among axial issues of immigration literature; however one of the principal critters of postcolonial literature is the effort of author to inverse the power status between the colonizer’ s language and colonizer’ s language which is a form of Soft Clash with Colonialism. That way, the study of intelligent exchanges between these two languages in literary work, explains the position, skill, and creativity of the author for using the language tool. This paper proposes to highlight the influence of common and similar experiences of Italian-somalin author, Cristina Ali Farah, and Algerian francophone author, Assia Djebar in their novels: The Little Mother and The Disappearance of the French language. At first, we present the style of writing of these authors relying on postcolonial literature expert Zabus. Then, we study the tight relationship between the language and identity concept, by using analytical-comparative method and emphasizing the approach of American School.

Hans Christian Anderson (1875-1805) is a prominent Danish poet, storyteller and scriptwriter with 160 stories and legends, 800 pieces of poetry and 6 novels. One characteristic of Anderson's writings is his attention to popular literature, verbal and speech language. He most of all affects folk tales. To write these myths, he is inspired more by the legends of the Thousand Words and the legends of other nations of the world. In this article, only four of Iran's sources of Andersen stories are mentioned and their adaptation to Iranian stories. These four stories are: Mandel's fantasy and Emperor's new clothes, Gibreel Jolla and the flying box, Big Claus and Little Claus, Judge and Jail, Tomblinia and Aunt Souske. Previously, it talks about the characteristics and origins of Andersen's stories and the background of the subject. In the narrative of these four stories, from different dimensions to adaptation of narratives are discussed. We find that for a variety of reasons, including the familiarity of Anderson with the Thousandists, through his translation of the word "A" to lunch and interest in the literature of the Orient, he is well acquainted with the Iranian myths and is well versed in it, and for his religious and educational purposes With part of the story.

The issue of kinetic feminism has been organized that has been created in the earlier 20th century for defending the women's right and maintaining their positions against the despotic patriarchal system, and has been come for destroying the dominance of sexual discrimination. A majority of researchers from all around the world has worked in this area and started defending the women's right. Among this intelligentsia in Egypt and France Nejib_mabfouz and Simon de Beauvoir where those who talked about the cruelty against women and their Innocence against the pressure of patriarchal in their own books. This research is going to analyze " two palaces" by Nejib Mahfouz and "the woman destroyed" by Simon de Beauvoir (the famous fiminist writer from France), the symbol of intellectual woman in the 20th century using the Analytical descriptive method in context of cpmarative literature based on the criticism of feministic. The results of this study indicate that both authors criticize the women's behavior and their giving up against the patriarchal System. The women's character in both novels is a sentimental, fragile, dependant and obedient person that has easily given up against the patriarchal System. The patriarchal System in "between two palaces" is indicated with some predispositions like bad behavior of father, his disagreement with the marriage of his children with their favorite husband, not authorizing their wives and children to go out of the house and so on. And in " the woman destroyed", getting married for the second time and love affairs without informing the first wife, preventing children from getting married, not being at home with family and wife and so on are the obvious symptoms of the patriarchal System. Both authors have criticized the patriarchal System and introduced the honorable position of women and holy mother to audiences.

The interaction between literatures among nations is examined through the common concepts and interinfluence of poets in literary works in the field of comparative literature. Part of contemporary poetry in today`s society is based on social life, and the interinfluence of poetic hypertexts in the social, political and economic environments prominent to society. Shamlu, Paul É luard and Hughes are the poets who have done poetry from three distinct cultures and in a common century, in different geographical settings, of course. The main fields of the poetry of these three were influenced by social life and during a period of their poetry life, they tended to the left ideology and these tendencies have created common themes in their poems. Themes such freedom, justice, fight against oppression and despotism (tyranny), attention to the workers living conditions, the representation of Marxist doctrines and the remembrance of those fighters who tried to achieve these goals, make these common points. So that their poetry reflects the situation and crises of their society and the world. This research explores in a descriptive analytical way, the poetical works (divan) of the poets discussed, to extract these similarities and to criticize and analyze them, based on the sociological literary and artistic taste.

Nature and its elements play a critical role in the intellectual system of the first man. The plant is one of these natural elements that has appeared in parallel and with similar functions in the mythology of different nations. Hence, it has been transmitted to the next generations as an ideological heritage, and due to its symmetry with human nature, they have found a same and sometimes identical form in the of nations. The comparative review of mythological plants and their functions among the myths of various nations can illustrate the role of nature, especially the familiarity with its common source in human mythology making. The results of the research show that the range of plant function, from the myth of creation and its manifestations in the mythology of the plant goddesses, the process of birth and rebirth of mythical heroes and even their function in the transformation or giving a divine nature to human beings; like the attachment of invulnerability and immortality to human beings up to the myths of death and plant resurrection of the holy super humans belong to the perception of human-plant relationships in the mythology of nations and their relation to the worldview of the triple social systems of the mythical age. Based on this pattern, most of the mythical traditions of the plant world are based on the insight of the clerical class that has been created for the subconscious to preserve their birth, life, and ritual continuity in the form of sacred philosophy of life.

Comparative literature has always provided space for the different nations to talk to each other and interact together. The intertextuality that reflect an audience’ s interpretation of the text, can be used according to the tenets of comparative literature. Sadegh Hedayat, as one of the pioneers of modern literature in Iran, including writers who have a deep acquaintance with Western literature, especially French literature, has been influenced by many foreign-language writers. The short story of Whirlpool, which takes place in a bitter and naturalistic perspective, is one of the works of Hedayat which is strongly influenced by the naturalism, and especially the naturalistic novel of Pierre and Jean by Guy de Maupassant. The theme of treason, which leads to the ruination of a seemingly happy family, and the narrative structure of this story are the link between these two works. This theme is developed in two works using the rules of the naturalism including elements of determinism. The main issue in the present article is to find the roots and examples of treason in two works by relying on the narrative structure and the analysis of the behavior of characters in confronting this familial crisis. Finally, we will try to achieve the main goal of this comparative study which is a description of the elements of naturalism in Whirlpool and its coincidence with the naturalistic elements of Maupassant’ s novel.