POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY QUARTERLY
Year:2019 | Volume:3 | Issue:4 (12)|Papers Count:6

Introduction: The final objective of social sciences is to seek objective truth, so scientists are seeking realism in science, and this is a term that one of its meanings implies the "objective" conception of reality. Thus, the most fundamental problem in methodology for scientists is that what is objectivity? How can one integrate objectivity in the process of knowing the facts, realities and coincidence of these matters together? How can one set aside a biased notion? The most important issue of any type of epistemology and science is to create a balance between objectivity and subjectivity in science. If an objective experiment does not lead to subjective and methodical rules and laws, then science and knowledge will not be formed, and if subjective rules and laws cut out from the objective reality, realism will be lost. In the other words, the central axis of the questions of epistemology is the "value of cognition", and this seeks to show that what is the criterion of identifying "facts" from false and contradictory ideas to reality? According to the above, objectivity and validity in various sciences, including geography, are of fundamental positions, and different geographic schools have taken different positions in this regard, which directly relate to the results of the research. In this paper, we are seeking to find out what are positions of methodology schools in geography in relation to objectivity and validity of geographic propositions? What are conclusions given to these positions? Which position can have a scientific position in geography? In this paper, we have tried to emphasize political geography in various propositions...

Introduction: Afghanistan is one of the neighbors that Iran can exert a great deal of influence through the use of culture and higher education. Afghanistan is Iran's cultural backyard. The linguistic, cultural and historical commonalities are so intertwined that no one can fill Iran's cultural vacancy in Afghanistan. Most of Afghanistan's textbooks are in Persian. Many scientific resources used by Afghan students have been published in Iran. There is a curious desire among Afghan students to attend higher education institutions and Iranian universities. Afghan families' tendency to use Iranian radio and television products, despite the emergence of dozens of colorful radio and television broadcasters, mainly broadcasting Western or Indian films, etc. all show the importance of the cultural sphere in the relations between the two countries. Unfortunately, despite this tendency, there are many shortcomings in the field of Iranian cultural activity in Afghanistan. If Iran wants to have security, political, economic and other influence in Afghanistan, then it must pay more attention to culture and education, because Iran's relative advantage is to have a more effective presence in Afghanistan than other competitors...

Introduction: In the extensive systems of which Iran is also an example, Governments aim to decentralize the political levels of their divisions to increase their powers and decision-making power, increase credits, grant responsibilities and democracy as a platform and mechanism for achieving development. So, the government and the city are highly interdependent in their current performance and position; the existence of the city has strengthened the dignity and performance of the state and the state is important for cities for its portion in the identity of the major cities and the major figurehead of the urban landscape. The process of urbanization in Iran is not a natural process but an abnormal process that exists only by the state and the will of the state. Therefore; Continuing and intensifying this dependency and expansion, today's government is expanding and expanding its administrative and political focus through the promotion of the administrative and political status of some population centers and converting them into the cities. This research has been done with the aim of analyzing the role of open propellants in the political division of space in Ardabil province and its effects during the years 1375 to 1395...

Introduction: In the evaluated of Geographical studies from the 1970s with the arrival of Marxist ideas in Geography, some of geographers turned away from focusing on quantitative methods and ecological studies. In this regard, serious theoretical criticism was conducted on the quantitative methodology in Geography. This time, the definition of space was full of political and ideological conflicts. In the Positivism school, space was considered as a material phenomenon and researcher should be formal logic for study the spatial organization. They should not interfere his ideology or culture for discovering the truth of space. While, in the post positivism thinking, quantities’ planning is not nothing except "false consciousness" and in the opposite, meanings, ideas, theories obtain their objectivity and ostensible concept by dominant power and ideology. So, geographical spaces also are derived from dominant ideological and power. Relativistic geographers did not believe that many cultural and social behaviors are not necessarily the result of material gain. In post positivism methodology, major assumption is that invisible force in behind of any symbol in the space that were caused any symbol in space are emerged. So, the space concept does not have actual objectivity. The political dimension of space was one of the most important dimensions of space. So, this article has been struggled to understand the function of epistemic relativism in the study of the political impacts on geographic space and it explains the better performance of relativistic cognition in understanding the political dimension of space.

Introduction: National power is a set of potential and actual capabilities of a country that is used to achieve national interests. Increasing national power is one of the most important goals of countries and efforts are always made to achieve it. National power plays an important role in the geopolitical weight of countries, which determines their position in the international system. Tourism can strengthen national power by strengthening the soft aspects of national power. This is why countries focus on tourism to achieve this goal. Iran is considered one of the ten largest countries in the world in terms of various historical, religious and natural tourist attractions, and it can use this opportunity to strengthen its national power. The present study aims to explain the importance and impact of tourism on national power components in Iran...

Introduction: Every single geographical space contains special perspective which is influenced by functional structure and human activity. Therefore, space is social matter which is constructed in the human interaction network. The creation of space is done with the aim of applying domination. Through the presence of power in the space, spatial injustice is inflicted and women, as one of the social activists, have a smaller share in the constructed space. Gender separation in urban area lingers through the domination of masculine values, and a kind of gender injustice is created in the public urban space in which men have closer relationship with the urban spaces. Religious, historical, cultural, and political factors and contexts have fundamental roles in this particular phenomenon. In the framework of leading research, this issue has been studied in the 6th district of Tehran. Under the influence of the mentioned factors, this area has been manifested in shape of streets and pathways names, entertainment space, and means of transport and so on. The area to be studied has been situated in a dual functional position owing to its location in the geographical center of Tehran, containing official, services, communicational, and recreational spatial elements...