HOVIATESHAHR
Year:2021 | Volume:15 | Issue:45|Papers Count:8

When cities grow rapidly due to various factors such as changing economic, political or social roles, they undergo many changes in their spatial s tructure. This phenomenon, especially in recent decades because of the uncontrolled growth of urban population and increasing migration to cities is more visible in the cities of Iran in compare with the pas t. In this process, cities are affected by multifaceted factors of urban growth and in a short time, natural areas become urban lands. Meanwhile, some factors such as population growth rate, urban road network, land usage change, government policies and market trends have a greater impact on the shape and extent of these changes. The occurrence of urban growth and its consequences have wide dimensions, the increase of medium and large cities and the spatial impact of urban growth on the surrounding lands is one of the important issues in the analysis of current urban issues. Because no attention to the unplanned growth of these cities in the near horizon will lead to the transformation of medium-sized cities into large cities. Therefore, s tudying urban growth and explaining the factors affecting help to identify and unders tand the process of urban development and tes t exis ting urban theories. The purpose of this article is identifying these factors and assessing the amount of impact of each of them in the process of urban growth through considering Bojnoord samples that had significant growth in recent years. In this regard, by reviewing the theoretical concepts related to urban growth, the factors affecting urban development was codified, so to be used as a framework for analysis of the factors influencing the growth of Bojnoord. Then quantitatively is rated with the help of GIS and measurable relevant functions layers. Some of the mos t important factors are; population density, roads density, number of amenities, dis tance from the town center, the development of single-family homes, faults, slope, etc. Then, from among the various methods of measurement and quantitative assessment F’ ANP keeps all the capabilities of factor analysis, because F’ ANP manages to use the capability of factor analysis in converting subject to specified dimensions and determining the relationship between indicators. Since the relationship between these extracted dimensions is objective, there is no problems arising from subjective judgments and there is no effect on the results of research. The results showed that the mos t important factors in growth of Bojnoord City were; tendency to single-family homes and large-scale land, the dis tance from the city center, the net density of the population, accordance with the desire of the city, commercial density, number of amenities, roads and population density respectively. Therefore, "density factor" indicators can be considered as the mos t important factors in the growth of Bojnoord city. On the other hand, the spatial s tudy of these factors in the map of Bojnoord shows that the greates t concentration of these factors has been in the northwes t (towards Goles tan) and northeas t of the city (towards Mashhad) in Bojnoord, which ultimately leads to the spatial form of continuous expansion of Bojnoord.

The increasing popularity of the optimization approach in different sciences has led architects to use them to achieve various objectives in designing and cons tructing buildings. However, the functions, advantages, and limitations for each of these optimization s trategies are scarcely known, due to their newness in architecture and cons truction fields Optimization algorithms are classified into three categories: determinis tic, heuris tic, and meta-heuris tic algorithms. Meta-heuris tic algorithms, are more efficient and categorized into three main groups: evolutionary computing, swarm intelligence, and physics-related algorithms. Mos t of the s tudies conducted on optimization algorithms, in this field, are on the application of one of the optimization algorithms in the design of a particular project. Limited research has been done in coordination with the subject of this s tudy, inves tigating the application of these algorithms in a specific field. After reviewing the his tory and literature of the subject, to discuss how optimization methods are used in architecture, 77 related articles and theses that used optimization methods have been reviewed through scholar works published since 1996 (the firs t publications in this field) up to now. Selected research was analyzed using the textual content analysis method to determine "the efficiency of evolutionary optimization methods in achieving architectural and cons truction objectives" as the main research ques tion; there were also several sub-ques tions on the way to answer the main ques tion: Which architectural objectives are mos t achievable by using optimization algorithms? Which types of optimization algorithms are appropriate for architectural objectives? Which building functions have the mos t potential for using optimization methods? Which researchers conduct and support the research of evolutionary algorithms in building issues? . Optimization algorithms have been undertaken to solve design problems for six different objectives: mass design and urban access, cons truction and cos t management, building’ s s tructural design, energy issues, building form generation and space planning. Various design variables have been defined to search for optimal response to each of the objectives. Among these objectives, the highes t application of optimization algorithms is related to spatial planning optimization in residential buildings and energy optimization in official ones. The analysis of the publications demons trates that various methods of meta-heuris tic optimization have been used over time to solve architectural problems. Genetic Algorithm is the mos t widely used one in architectural optimization, and particle swarm optimization is the mos t common method in swarm intelligence based research. The review of s tudies indicates the predominantly theoretical attention of architectural scholars to this issue. Given the dis tance between the research and the implementation phase, architects should work more closely with researchers in other fields, especially those in computer science, to approach the implementation s tage. However, the development of each of these areas requires the improvement of previous methods and research into how other algorithms, such as swarm intelligence based ones, can be used to solve design problems in architecture. The development of user-friendly software with a graphical user interface for a better grasp of the design process and results can affect architects' usage of evolutionary algorithms as a design method.

Culture, as an abs tract object, is appeared by things and human behavior. Cultural values and patterns are reflected in behavior, s tyle of internal and external spaces of the houses. Houses as cultural objects are the tools for representation of culture. Therefore, they are not only spaces, but places introduce our cultural feeling, opinion, and values. Ways to use, opportunities to the consumption of the spaces of houses, gives cultural meaning to the areas. In relationship among architecture, culture, and consumption, culture rehabilitates itself by buildings as a physical tools and consumption of residents as a behavioral and cultural manner because architecture and consumption are the tools of cultural representation. The research has two main ques tions: the firs t one is to know how) do culture causes consumption diversity and different perceptions from the spaces of the houses in two different urban fabrics in Hamedan? Secondly, how does culture represent itself by the form of buildings and consumption behavior of the residents of these houses? Otherwise, the building elements act in different cultures. Qualitative and field effective methods are used for inves tigating these ques tions. The samples for this survey obtain from the residents of Haji (old fabric) and the residents of Os tadan (new fabric) in the city of Hamedan. Consequently, as a case s tudy, 14 houses were selected from the Haji and 13 houses were selected from the Os tadan. This s tudy has two main parameters: 1. Architecture, as a physical and objective matter, 2. Cultural consumption, which is the usual behavior and people's habit, as a human matter. The data collection methods are interviews, observation and photography. Physical-spatial elements are s tudied by observation usual behavior, and habits such as eating and sleeping s tudied by interview. The observation is developed by s tudying the photos taken through the inspections of the internal spaces of both groups of houses. The interview in this research is a serious interview with open ques tions from the residents of the randomly selected houses. Data analysis methods are usable description concepts. Data achieved through the interviews categorized according to the abundance of the answers and conceptualized. The categories are the main and primary meaning of the residents in each urban dis trict. This data is compared with data gained through the observation. The comparison reflects the relationship among architectural spaces of the houses and the cultural consumption of the residents of these houses. As a result, this s tudy shows how different cultural s tructure in both new and old fabric has made diversities to the way of attitude and valuation of residents such as difference in s tyle of interior design and arrangement, gues t room and the quality of reception, WC, kitchen s tyle, having private space and different s tyles of house. A house is the significant point and involves primary data to be seen and sensed to make meaning for humans. Thus, a house can betoken different meanings. Many potential meanings are involved in a sign and people interpret it to each cultural context.

The lack of breathing space in neighborhoods, due to the conges tion caused by the increasing urbanization of cities, has necessitated the use of new approaches to address this shortage. Therefore, this s tudy aims to utilize the concept of breathing spaces that are small and open-green spaces in compact cities texture with an emphasis on the environmental dimension. In this s tudy, the criteria for the creation of breathing spaces in different fabrics and their effects on the quality of life of the neighborhoods are determined by using the consensus of experts and the Delphi method and then ranked by the AHP method. Finally, the criteria s tudied in two neighborhoods with different characteris tics. It concluded, the criteria obtained from the research have a direct effect on the quality of life criteria in the neighborhoods. This is because of the nature of these spaces, their implementation in compact fabrics and rehabilitation's need and renovation is more applicable by adopting appropriate policies. In this paper, based on the mentioned methods, four criteria and eight subcriteria were selected to achieve the research goal and to answer this challenge and then ranked by using the AHP method. According to the results, the criteria were prioritized into four sections. 1. Land use with vegetation criterion has two subcriteria: greenspaces and green levels. 2. Was telands and open spaces criterion have two sub-criteria: natural and human production. 3. Environmental criterion has two sub-criteria: Biological and physical. 4. Localscale criterion has two subcriteria: socio-cultural and functional-operational. Sub-criteria were prioritized: greenspace, natural of open space, green levels, and biological characteris tics of the environment, human production of open space, socio-cultural characteris tics of the local scale, physical characteris tics of the environment and functional-operational characteris tics of the local scale. Then, to better unders tand the subject under s tudy and to evaluate the criteria obtained from different research methods, selected two neighborhoods of Qazvin city as samples of this research. One of them is Bolaghi, which is the old neighborhood. Another is the new one that called Janbazan. They were compared by matching. Finally, the criteria were s tudied in two neighborhoods with different characteris tics his torical and modern neighborhoods. The results of the survey of the neighborhoods based on the criteria and sub-criteria indicate that none of them has enough open spaces and was telands and land use with vegetation. Regarding environmental criteria, it can be said that the physical sub-criterion of Janbazan neighborhood is better than the Bolaghi neighborhood because the fabric of the Janbazan neighborhood is planned. In general, little attention has been paid to this criterion and its sub-criteria in both neighborhoods. The only difference between the two neighborhoods is the social-cultural aspect at the local scale criterion. This is because the original inhabitants of the Bolaghi neighborhood have a greater sense of belonging and social interaction than the Janbazan neighborhood. Therefore, it is necessary to create breathing spaces in these neighborhoods to improve their qualification. Furthermore, these spaces are effective in reducing a variety of contaminants and natural hazards.

Providing superior quality and keeping peoples satisfied are rapidly becoming the ways cons truction companies differentiate themselves from competitors. Many companies are, however, frus trated in their efforts to improve quality and cus tomer satisfaction through the implementation of total quality management (TQM). Total quality management (TQM) was firs t introduced as a business management approach in the pos t-World War II era when Deming and others successfully reinvented the Japanese economy. Beginning in the early 1980s, American business leaders looked to the philosophy, principles, and TQM tools to improve the economy. More recently, education leaders have begun to recognize the potential for TQM applied to educational organizations especially in university. Quality management provides a connection between outcomes and the process by which outcomes are achieved. If, as many people realize, the cause of failures in education is a problem in design, quality management may be regarded as an ideal sys temic process for managing change in public education. There has been some reluctance to apply quality practices to education, yet central to Deming’ s methods and management philosophy is an insis tence that anything can be made or done better. Americans have s teadfas tly held the belief that education is the fortification agains t poverty and social unres t. There exis ts, however, a subtle pessimis tic attitude that people are doing the bes t they can with what they have. The message appears to be that education can only be successful with certain s tudents. Deming (1992) writes that with its “ underuse, misuse, and abuse of skill and knowledge the United S tates may be the mos t underdeveloped nation in the world” . Improvement with all levels of s tudents mus t be viewed as not only possible but also essential. The highes t level of quality principles is in learning. This is where it impacts the classroom. To achieve the desired results, educators mus t ques tion their core teaching and learning processes and methods. The main aim of this s tudy is to find the required skills of urban planners to enter to work and assess the s tatus of achieving these skills be using total quality management methods. Firs tly, skills requirements were found by using literature reviews and with depth interviews from faculty members of the Islamic Azad University of Mashhad. The next s tep was to evaluate TQM to unders tand how much it can respond to skills. It was evaluated by a ques tionnaire, which was produced by American Federal Ins titute (1990) with 8 criteria and a total of 48 items. To obtain a TQM accountability response to help with these skills. The method of paper is practical and descriptive and a number of samples are 76 of faculty members of Islamic Azad University of Mashhad. To analysis, the ques tionnaires, a single-sample of the T-Tes t method was used. Findings show that the s tatus of TQM is lower than the s tandard average and there is also a vague unders tanding of the eighth principles of TQM items in faculty members. It is sugges ted to boos t this s tatus, it is necessary to increase level of participation of experienced motivated and activated professors and assis tant professors to have interaction between management and department of education.

The housing facade shows the social, economic, and cultural characteris tics of its inhabitants through the complex sys tem of "signs" and it forms a s tereotyped image in the audience`s mind. On the other hand, people with lower socioeconomic s tatus are cons tantly being s tigmatized. This s tudy aims to find the relationship between the objective factors of the residential facade and the s tigma. In this regard, residential facades of Tehran's Dis trict 4 were inves tigated using a compound research method. Firs t, theoretical bases and the conceptual framework of the research were compiled by the library method. Then, using a survey method, 40 residential facade images were judged in terms of the perception of the income group of their inhabitants by 203 citizens. Also, a ques tionnaire containing residential facade visual factors was presented to the citizens to assess their impact on the perception of the pres tige of the building. The factor analysis of the data provided five effective factors in the perceived pres tige of the house facade: 1) Design of the Facade: This is the factor that determines the firs t and determines the perceived validity of the residential view. It can be defined as follows: The design factors are the design of the walls of the building, the lighting of the facade and the design of the balcony. With these three faces, they upgrade a residential pres tige in terms of design. 2) Building Dimensions and Detail of facade: One of the value aspects of housing is the dimensions and details of the facade, due to the decorations and details of the materials, the width of the facade (the ground) and its height and cleanliness. The facade is provided. It is deduced that clearness is due to its influence on the perception of details of materials and decorations in this group. Therefore, to be considered a housing facade of residents of high socio-economic class, attention to the dimensions and details of the facade and its elements is necessary. 3) Material and Opening: This factor is obtained through the shape of the window, the color of the glass, the shape of the input, and the kind of the material. Therefore, the materials and shapes of openings play an important role in shaping the perceived value of a home. 4) Balcony feature: This factor is provided with the presence of the balcony and its dimensions and the darkness and illumination of the materials. So, for facade accreditation, attention should also be paid to the balcony features. 5) Visual dis turbance: Visual dis turbance is achieved by factors such as window count, imbalance, and artificial adjoining elements. This factor is the las t in shaping the perceived credibility of a viewpoint that has been taken into consideration by citizens in value judgments. The images were also categorized into five faces by the respondents, thereafter a final analysis and s trategies for reducing the s tigma of the lower group housing were presented. This research can be a s tep in creating social interactions between different income groups in heterogeneous neighborhoods.

Public spaces are a place for meeting everyday needs and public life in cities. These spaces change over time, based on socioeconomic and cultural conditions. The suitability of the urban spaces depends on the ability of them to respond on the needs of their users. Despite the fact that women consis t half the city's population, does not pay attention to the design and cons truction of urban spaces. It is necessary is to explain the intellectual definitions of women in relation to urban spaces so that can be extracted the factors that increase the quality of women's presence in these spaces. Urban spaces around the holy shrines because of its religious nature have created a good bed for the free and secure presence of women without gender-based attitudes. This research has tried to explain the qualities of special urban spaces (the space around holy shrines) from the Perceptual-Semantic Sys tem of Women so answer the reasons for the presence of women in different spaces. Since the purpose of this research is the semantic perception of women from urban spaces, qualitative methodology has been selected as the dominant methodology and ethnographic research method for conducting research operations and the basis theory method for analyzing data. The participants comprise thirty-five women from Rasht's Sagharizan and Lahijan's Gaabune neighborhood. A targeted sampling method was used to select the participants. The data in this s tudy were collected using open observation, participatory observation and interviewing. In this research, the field theory approach, which is one of the methods for analyzing qualitative data, is used to analyze the data. The findings of this s tudy were based on the frameworks presented in the qualitative method and the underlying theory. The textual data and interviews were collected from 35 women in urban spaces Around Holy Shrines in order to open the line for extracting the initial coding concepts. Qualitative findings using the Grounded theory showed that the eight factors of the total observer, respect for space, hidden mental territory, fear of fault, hope for encouragement, educational dimension of space and privacy as essential powers are effective in increasing the presence of women. The obtained findings can be generalized in urban spaces in the following cases: Observer: In the components of observer women, lady's directors, and family presence and. . . the ability to represent. Hidden Space Matter: Creating educational and promotional dimensions in a set to change the realm of space users will prepare women and men for space presence. Encourage good behaviors in space: Such a kind of perspective and management will provide a s trong pivotal education, especially for lower age groups. Education axis space: Urban space is required to emphasize the proper behaviors of the space. Fear of mis take: Using management and control rules to deal with inappropriate behaviors and hidden cybercrime in space. Participation in space change: the presence of women in space change and change. In this way, the body and space behavior will be corrected, and the requirements of all the groups will be present.

Neglecting to urban texture and current context by recent unidentified cons tructions has made image dis tress of the cities and caused the visual rupture. In modernism, the sight of mono-building got the priority and caring about its affiliation with context has paled and forgotten. Hence cities have visual chaos and these unfamiliar contradictions express the textures anonymity. Empty spaces or worthless rus ty buildings need to be replaced with new buildings that are homogeneous with architecture and cultural identity of texture. Infill buildings should be designed according to the context components to be a part of the context in addition to being independent. Appropriate use of these spaces in his torical texture and creation of cultural and social uses will cause the revival, preservation and deployment of region identity, eke cultural and economic interaction continuity of habitation. Identification of promotion factors of qualitative in the design of cultural spaces by using the indicators of infill architecture due to achievement of the designing solution is the aim of this s tudy. Lead to proceed the conceptual modelling resulted from analysis in principal variables of research according to effective indicators on the formation of the research variables by descriptive-analytical method from gathered data. Then, it proceeds analyzing and evaluating the case s tudies that are searched and selected specifically in the field of this research, then tes ting; and quantifying of resulted indicators from s tudies that are s tructured in conceptual model of research; and eventually, prioritize the components of subject are identified through the quantifying and scoring based on Likert scale. Finally, after survey and analysis, six principal criterions and thirty-six sub-indicators are achieved; which required solutions according to prioritized results are presented. Among the mos t important indicators of infill architecture can mention such as social and cultural uses, multifunctional space, proper orientation, consonance of form and unifying lines, and eke creation of multipurpose space, spatial diversity, pause space and hierarchy. These results will considerably help to the achievement process of desirable solutions. The presented designing solutions are adoptable with the condition of a cus tomizable context, expansion and optimization; which are specifically for this s tudy and if the context design changes, prioritization and solutions also would be changed. S tudying in this field can identify the influential component of designing procedure valuable contexts considering the context condition and also intended usage, and create a link between scientific theories and designing category. This s tudy considers the solutions for variable of infill architecture, to reach the design to a s tandard result (form and function); and also designing solutions for variables of cultural spaces, to reach the utmos t cultural desirable space according to present site location. Based on the results, considering the mentioned solutions will follow the identifying and use of components of infill architecture moreover its solutions for designing, for quality promotion of cultural spaces, and eke, attainment to the s tandard design and s table form, coherent s tructure consonant with the texture, and likewise, creation a desirable urban image, continuous cultural and local identity, more active economic and safety in the texture.