STRATEGIC STUDIES ON YOUTH AND SPORTS
Year:2019 | Volume:18 | Issue:43|Papers Count:20

Migration is one of the important social problems in Tehran. The article is to study negative effects of urban ecology on seasonal migrant youth’ s tendency to crime and high risk behavior in Tehran. The theory framework is based on urban ecology of Chicago school and the research method is survey (questionnaire). Statistical population is all seasonal migrant youth that are living in Tehran temporarily. The descriptive findings showed that smoking, hookah and addiction are more common among seasonal migrant youth. According to the results, the differential association and social alienation with a correlation coefficient of ٠ /٦ ٧ ٦ and ٠ /٥ ٩ ٣ are of the strongest relation with the degree of vulnerability of seasonal migrant youth. The regression results indicated that independent variables explain ٦ ٢ percent of the variance of ٢ ٤ dependent variable as tendency of seasonal migrant workers to crime and high risk behavior. The findings of this research can be effective in reducing the crimes of migrant youth.

International migration is a dynamic process of changing social context, which can affect not only migrants but also the society in both sides; origin and destination. The study is to investigate the tendency of young people to international migration and its determinants in Tehran city, the capital of Iran. The data were collected by conducting a survey and filled structured questionnaire among ٣ ٨ ٥ young people aged ١ ٥-٢ ٩ in different settings of Tehran. The results showed that half of the respondents tended to have international migration, and about ٤ ٠ percent of them had a plan to do it. Western Europe and North America are major migration's destinations. The main reasons for choosing these regions were social-cultural, educational, and economic reasons. Multi verse analysis indicated that gender, education, employment status, social network in abroad and desirability of origin are of significant effects on migration's tendency and intention. In conclusion, youth chose international migration not only based on individual characteristics (selectivity), but also due to the living conditions and social structures of origin and destination societies.

The study is to investigate the relationship between psychological capital and organizational citizenship behavior. Psychological capital is a positive psychological state and a realistic and flexible approach to life that consists of four structures of hope, optimism, resilience and self-efficacy. Organizational citizenship behavior is defined as voluntary behavior and on the part of employees, which is voluntary and typically not rewarded, but can improve the performance of organizations. This study is a descriptive-survey research and applies in terms of applied research. The statistical population is the experts of the Ministry of Sport and Youth Department of the Ministry of Sports and Youth, whose number is ٤ ٥ ٠ . Using random sampling and Cochran formula, the samples were selected (١ ٤ ٢ ٢ ٠ individuals). A questionnaire was used to collect the data. In the first stage, ٣ ٠ reliability questionnaires were distributed. The citizenship behavior inventory questionnaire with alpha = ٠ /٨ ٣ ٢ and the psychological capital inventory questionnaire with an altitude of ٠ /٨ ٤ ١ . To analyze the collected data, Kolmogorov-Smirnov statistical tests and Pearson correlation were used. The results showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between all components of psychological capital and organizational citizenship behavior. The severity of this relationship between the two components of social customs and self-esteem (٠ /٤ ٢ ٦ ) was at the highest level between tact and optimism (٠ /٠ ٩ ٩ ) at the lowest level.

The study is to determine the position of sport psychology in Olympic and medal fields in the country's sports structure. The present research is applied to the target and according to the nature, it is of qualitative research and a kind of grounded theory in basis. The statistical population of the study consisted of all people who have an opinion and influence in the structure of sports psychology and sport (N=٥ ٠ ٠ ). The sample size was selected in the qualitative section according to the sampling method (snowball). To reach the theoretical saturation boundary, ٢ ٤ subjects were selected as the research sample. In a quantitative section, ٢ ٢ ١ people were selected according to Morgan table and by simple random sampling method. The instrument for measuring was a deep interview in the qualitative section and a questionnaire from the qualitative section was used at quantitative section. To analyze the data, first, based on the theory-based approach, the analysis of the data from the interviews was performed and then in the quantitative part of the study, subsequently descriptive and inferential statistics were used. The results showed that Iran's sport psychology is not well placed compared to selected and advanced countries (t=٩ ٨ ٫ ٢ ٤ ). Also, the specific organization of sport psychology (t =١ ٨ /١ ٩ ), the proper structure of sports psychology (t =١ ٣ /٣ ٦ ) and the manpower of sports psychology specialist (t = ١ ٩ /٩ ١ ) in Iran compared with the selected and leading countries of existence does not have. Nevertheless, positive changes were made in the past (t=١ ٥ /٢ ٣ ) and the condition and attitude of sport psychology in Iran were not suitable for selected and advanced countries (t=-٨ /٨ ٣ ) (p= ٠ /٠ ١ ). In this regard, ١ ٣ cases of causal conditions, ١ ٠ cases of interventional conditions, ٩ cases of ruling domains and ٧ of the outcomes of sport psychology promotion were identified in the sports structure of the ٢ ٤ country, and seven strategies for promoting the position of sport psychology were proposed in the sports structure of the country.

One the essential human needs that can affect social and cultural aspects of his/her life is the feeling of happiness. The research is to study the relationship between cultural factors and social happiness among the residents of the city of Esfahan. The research population consisted of all the residents above ١ ٠ years of age which totaled ١ ٦ ٦ ٣ ٨ ٣ ٤ , of which, on the basis of Cochran formula and utilizing a quota sampling technique, ٦ ٠ ٠ individuals were chosen as the sample. The theoretical framework was provided by drawing on the ideas of Bourdieu, Fordise, Singleman, and Allison. The research questionnaire had face validity and the reliability coefficients were above ٦ ٩ /٥ . The results showed that social happiness was moderately and significantly associated with religiosity (r= ٠ /٣ ٨ ), cultural capital (r=-٠ /٤ ١ ), mass media programs (r=-٠ /٤ ٧ ), recreation and entertainment facilities (r= ٠ /٦ ٣ ). The results also showed that social happiness was significantly related to age, sex, income, education, and occupation. The results of regression analysis showed that all the independent variables entered the equation and that all together could explain about ٢ ٨ /٩ percent of the variance of social happiness. Religiosity and cultural capital had, respectively the highest and the lowest amount of influence on social happiness.

Social engagement (also known as social participation) is an important topic in different areas of social and political sciences. As a group with notable influence, individuals in today’ s world play a remarkable role in making political, social, and cultural decisions. A number of factors can contribute to increased participation. These include the role and performance of social service centers (SSCs) run by the Welfare Organization. SSCs are public or nongovernmental centers located within communities to take actions required in providing such services. The goal is to support vulnerable individuals or those suffering from social problems, including vulnerable women and girls, female heads of households, couples applying for divorce or lacking life skills, street children, children at work, poorly cared-for children, orphans, children who lack access to education, children in divorced families, children with addicted parents and all children who need support or any individual facing personal, family, or social crises. A survey was conducted using a valid and reliable questionnaire for collecting data. The statistical population consisted of individuals of ١ ٨ years of age or older living in the two districts of Varamin in ٢ ٠ ١ ٥ . A sample of ٤ ٠ ٠ individuals was prepared using Cochran’ s sample size formula and cluster multistage sampling. The data were analyzed primarily through regression and path analysis. The findings indicated an average social participation score of ٣ /٢ ١ in the area studied here, and given the maximum and minimum scores (٥ and ١ , ٣ ٧ respectively) people living in this area have an average-to-upper level of participation. The average performance score for SSCs in the area was ٣ /٣ ١ (max = ٥ , min = ١ ) indicating a generally acceptable level of performance. In addition, a significant relationship was found between social engagement and SSC variables, social trust, socioeconomic status, gender, income, education, and type of employment, while age and marital status were not connected to social engagement. The strongest relation was found between SSCs and the dependent variable. Four variables, i. e. SSC, social trust, socioeconomic status, and age were included in a regression equation which gave a coefficient of determination of ٠ ٫ ٣ ٨ ٧ . Therefore, these variables explain over ٣ ٨ percent of variations in the dependent variable.

The research is to identify and model factors affecting the attraction of Charity Resources and endowed with women's sports. The research method was a descriptive-survey. The statistical population consisted of specialists who were knowledgeable about the subject of research. The statistical sample was selected and surveyed through deliberate method (judgments) among managers, experts and experts (٢ ١ ٧ people). The main instrument consisted of a questionnaire. The content validity of the tool was evaluated and approved by experts. Then its reliability was evaluated through a suitable Cronbach alpha coefficient. Finally, the construct validity was reviewed and approved through the structural equation modeling steps PLS software. External and internal dimensions with coefficients of ٠ /٨ ٥ ٤ and ٠ /٦ ٤ ٣ ; In the legal and regulatory variables of external and internal dimensions and with coefficients of ٠ /٧ ٣ ٣ and ٠ /٥ ٨ ٠ ; in the administrative and executive variable Intra-system and extraneous dimensions with coefficients of ٠ /٨ ٣ ١ and ٠ /٦ ٦ ٥ And in the internal and external system of communication and cultural variables with coefficients of ٠ /٨ ٨ ٩ and ٠ /٨ ٢ ٣ , respectively, were the priority of explaining their structure. The financial, capital, physical and structural dimensions of knowledge and technology also have coefficients of ٠ /٧ ٥ ٤ , ٠ /٦ ١ ٨ , and ٠ /٤ ٨ ٧ respectively significantly explain the dependent variable and auxiliary resources were devoted. Path analysis between variables showed administrative and management, communication, cultural, structural, political, legal and regulatory, respectively, with a coefficient of ٠ /٧ ٧ ٣ , ٠ /٦ ٨ ٥ , ٠ /٨ ٦ ٢ and ٠ /٨ ١ ٥ there is a positive, direct and meaningful effect on the absorption of support resources.

The study is to form a strategic thinking model for top managers of sports federations. In this study, there has been used the common models in form of the exploratory studies. Also, there has been used the descriptive-correlation method with the nature of descriptive/analytic researches. To design the conceptual model of the study, there has been used the documentary library studies with two-step Delphi method. During first step, 108 components were identified and then 28 components were selected. During second step, 8 components among 28 components were confirmed by experts. The statistical population was included 200 persons including managers, vice chairmen and chairwomen and secretaries of sports federations were selected based on Cochran statistical formula with 2% error rate and was doubled (160). The measurement tools were the strategic thinking questionnaire and researcher-made performance questionnaire of the sports managers with formal validity confirmed by experts and structure validity achieved by exploratory and reliability factor analysis. The strategic thinking questionnaire was 0, 751 and the performances of the sports managers were 0, 837 that were determined by Cronbach's alpha coefficient. The conceptual thinking components, thinking over time, system thinking, looking ahead and having perspective were with highest correlation and clever opportunism and strategic determination were with lowest correlation. The findings of the study showed that there was the significant relationship between eight components of the strategic thinking and the performance promotion of sports managers (and r =0, 76).

The research is to investigate the sociological factors affecting the formation of social identity of high school girl students in Ahvaz. It was conducted through a survey method and a questionnaire was used as a tool for collecting data. For this purpose, ٣ ٨ ٣ high school students from Ahvaz were selected through stratified sampling. For assessing the reliability of the questionnaire, Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used which coefficient was ٠ /٧ ٣ , that indicates the good reliability of the questionnaire. The theoretical frame work of this survey was based on Giddens, Tajfel, Mead, Burke and Bradley theories. In this research, the effects of independent variables such as socio-economic status, family expectations, school attendance, peer group membership, the use of mass media and parents' education on the social identity of high school girl students have been studied. The findings indicated that socioeconomic status, parental education and the use of mass media have a reverse relationship with the formation of the social identity of girls, whereas the other three variables, such as degree of belonging to the school, the degree of belonging to the peer group And the expectations of families are directly related to the formation of the social identity of girls. Totally, these variables account for ٠ /٤ ٣ ٪ of variance of changes related to the dependent variable of social identity.

In the past century, based on its fluid nature and democratization process, politics has entered in new areas which they were not relevant before or not conceived as the political. Sports area is one of these new political arenas. In result of popularization, borders of sports and politics are changed and interfered. This phenomenon made joint territories for both of them. Diplomacy and diplomatic procedures are one of these territories that sports internationalization inevitably brought them to this arena and made recent and strategic concept of sports diplomacy. But despite the concept common make sense, its definitions and borders are not determined or explained. The study is to answer this question that what is sports diplomacy? Thus, we conceptually analyzed and explained the subject with exploratory approach and used documentary method to collect the needed data. ١ ٥ tools, appeared by objective and lived grounds, that can be used to accelerate development, to force soft power, to establish platforms for dialogue in multi-cultural societies and to promote peaceful relations between states.

The research is to investigate the relationship between juveniles’ developmental utopianism and their tendency to migration. The sample was ١ ٢ ١ ٧ respondents among young people in Tehran between ١ ٨ to ٣ ٠ ages. The findings showed that amongst variables that have been studied, developmental utopianism has strongest impact on juveniles’ tendency to migration. Its coefficient of determination has been ٠ /٤ ٤ ١ . The second important variable is religiosity with coefficient of determination ٠ /١ ٩ ٥ . It has remarkable impact on tendency to migration, although it has been affected by other variables. Based on data, in line with increase in religiosity, the juveniles’ tendency to migration has been decreased. The next important variable is social capital with coefficient of determination ٠ /١ ٨ ٨ . Those people who have possessed low social capital have had high tendency to migration. Also, coefficient of determination for other variables including education, age and income has been ٠ /١ ٥ ١ , ٠ /١ ٨ ٦ and ٠ /١ ٠ ٠ . These coefficients have been ٠ /١ ١ ٥ for gender, ٠ /١ ٣ ٣ for marital status and ٠ /١ ٠ ٢ for employment.

The research is to design a strategic model for effective factors in implementing green productivity strategy in sport. The present research was Descriptive-analytical and carried out in mixed method (qualitative-quantitative). The statistical population in the qualitative phase included ٢ ٠ environmental experts and sports management professors and at the quantitative phase of all sports managers and environmental experts and university professors. Since the statistical society was non countable and varied, ٣ ٥ ٧ people were chosen through purposeful sampling, judgment method and mastering research. In qualitative phase, through semi-structured interviews, the data were collected and, after encoding, a researcher-made questionnaire with ٣ ٩ questions was prepared. The formal validity and normal distribution of variables were verified and the reliability coefficient of the questionnaire was ٠ ٫ ٨ ٦ . In data analysis, using SPSS. ١ ٦ software, a significant level (P ≤ ٠ ٫ ٠ ٥ ) was used. To test the pattern and identify the relationship between variables from structural equation modeling and to rank the importance of each of the components, Matrix-importance-performance analysis was used. The results of the research identified seven factors of education and research, human resources, culture and attitude, laws and regulations, control and supervision, management and planning ٢ ٦ and physical as factors affecting green productivity in sport. Also, there were positive and meaningful relationships between all variables. Therefore, the implementation of the green productivity strategy in sport requires attention to the factors mentioned above.

The study is to examine the impact of perceived organizational policies (POP) and perceived organizational support (POS) on occasioning deviant behavior in sport organizations in the west of Iran and used a descriptive survey method with the data obtained through field surveys. The study population consists of all the managers, deputy managers, and official experts (٣ ٠ ٠ individuals). Based on Morgan Table, ١ ٩ ٤ individuals were selected as the statistical sample using the stratified random sampling method. The perceived organizational policy questionnaire by Kacmar and Carlson (١ ٩ ٩ ٧ )(α =٠ /٩ ٢ ) the perceived organizational support questionnaire by Eisenberger et al. (١ ٩ ٨ ٦ )(α =٠ /٩ ), the deviant behavior questionnaire by Gruys (٢ ٠ ٠ ٠ )(α =٠ /٨ ٧ ) were used for data collection. Face and content validity of the questionnaires were confirmed by ten physical education professors. Descriptive and inferential test instruments were used for an analysis of the inferential findings based on structural equation modeling using the Lisrel software. Based on the study results, organizational perceived policies have a direct, positive and meaningful impact on deviant behavior and behavioral dimensions damaging to organizational assets, wasting of time and resources, interpersonal aggressiveness, and cyber loafing. However, based on the results, the organizational perceived support did not have any impact on deviant behavior and behavioral dimensions damaging to organizational assets, wasting of time and resources, interpersonal aggressiveness, and cyber loafing. Paying attention to organizational policies could reduce deviant behaviors in sport organizations. Therefore, it is recommended to organization's managers to consider political behaviors and legitimate and illegitimate policies in order to cause organizational effectiveness and efficiency and to reduce the causes of deviant behaviors.

The research is to analyze the present status of the content codification systems for the production of sport TV shows, the main factors of its emersion and consequently developing a desirable status. Grounded theory was used as the qualitative method of research. Statistical population consisted of media experts from both the Audio Visual Broadcasting Organization of Iran and also external specialists. These experts were divided in three groups of producers, directors and authors of sport programs; group managers of sport TV programs; and lastly the policy makers of sport programs in the above mentioned organization. Specialists out of this organization were the experts of sport media and PE university professors. Visionary and theoretic sampling method was used and the research instrument was semi-structured. Although after having ١ ٧ interviews, the research group was encountering similar results; but we continued the interviews to ٢ ٠ subjects. For having an eligible multidimensional system, the results showed that omission and exclusion of governmental TV monopoly is vital. Decentralization and creation of meritocracy will lead to a better cooperation of TV and sport trustees. In addition, contribution with experts for analyzing the content of programs, using specialized software, constitution of survey group before the production, fair distribution of programs to different sport indexes, inviting experts to the TV shows, recognition of spectator’ s actual demands and bilateral interactions with them are the other aspects that lead us to such a new approach.

Lifestyle is a choice able area of living activities and one of the most important indicators in measuring modern lifestyle is leisure activities. Today, elite athletes are one of the most important groups in societies whose their lifestyles are at the center of public attention. In this regard, the research is to study the typology of elite athletes' leisure lifestyle. The research method was qualitative and data collection tool were in-depth interviews. The statistical population of the study was expert people familiar with the life of elite athletes with an unknown number, which ١ ٩ of them were chosen purposeful and snowball as sample. The data were analyzed by using the thematic analysis technique and ٧ ٥ codes were identified in ١ ٢ sub themes and four main themes. The four main themes addressed were the lifestyles of the elite athletes, with a family-centered style, distinctive style, virtual style and closed style. In continue, the characteristics of each style were expressed. Also, analyzes showed that in typology of elite athletes' lifestyles, the way of occurrence and place of leisure activities are more important than leisure activities themselves and because of changes in the living conditions of athletes, there may be a variety of life styles over time.