DIDACTIC LITERATURE REVIEW (PERSIAN LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE REVIEW)
Year:2019 | Volume:11 | Issue:42|Papers Count:7

The allegory “ the Blind and the Paralytic” is among stories mentioned in both Persian and Arabic literary works, such as Ghesas-o-lanbia Neishabouri, Kashf-o-lasrar Meibodi, Asrarnameh Attar, Seraj-olmolook Tartooshi, Tanser’ s letter to Gashnasb and Akhlagh Mohtashami by Khaje Nasir Toosi. Some of ancient narrations are capable of being reviewed from different Literary Criticism, Linguistics, Narrative Research and the other points of view. Via studying the structure of allegory narrations, the narration patterns and their ruling discourse can be realized. This research aims to study the narration position and the plot of “ the Blind and the Paralytic” allegory based on Zheplint Volt’ s theory and to show which narration’ s pattern plot has a perfect structure. Studying those six narrations indicates that due to expanding the story plot, adding characters, paying attention to dialogue and its role in the suspension of the story, Akhlagh Mohtashami has a story structure, narration consistency and a strong plot.

Ghaboosnameh, the valuable work written by `Onsorolmaali Keikavoos, is of the most prominent works written in the Islamic Period in the field of didactic literature about advising the reader. This book is like a valuable encyclopedia including most of Iranian customs and conditions and specifications of the Iranian society at the author's time. Like other writers, Onsorolmaali was affected by the previous advice books and other sources in expressing numerous advices of his book. Therefore, the present study tries to review and compare Ghaboosnameh advices with the ancestors works to discover and extract some of the sources affected the mentioned book. One of the most important findings of this research is the remarkable influence of sources, like advices of Azarbad Marespandan, Anooshirovan book of advices, Ibn Moqafa Adab and Bushakoor Balkhi poems on Ghaboosnameh advices.

One of the main bases in Firdawsi’ s contemplations and one of the mostly applied words and concepts in Shahnameh (Firdawsi’ s book) is “ justice (Daad), so that some scholars have called Shahnameh as the “ Epic of Justice” . In general, according to Firdawsi, justice so flows in nature and life that he considers death, which is the most complicated and mysterious issues, as a justice in the world. Firdawsi sees a fundamental relationship between justice and happiness, peace, security, development, and on the other hand between injustice and dissatisfaction, restlessness, and destruction. Although he considers justice as everyone's duty, but there is a prominent connection between justice and kingdom in his book, so that justice is the most eminent characteristic of the kings in Shahnameh, especially at the beginning of their reign when they express their manifest. This article uses a descriptive analytic method in dealing with the relationship between justice and kingdom in Shahnameh. One of the results in this study indicates the deviation in the criteria for justice and injustice in Shahnameh at different periods. Justice is sometimes measured by religious criterion. However, the criterion for justice at different eras is mainly the kings themselves, since they psychologically consider themselves to be right. The concept of justice in Shahnameh (specifically based on contemporary standards, especially in mythical part of Shahnameh) has a paradoxical concept full of challenges.

Baharestan is a prose book penned by Nour al-Din Abdul Rahman Jamie, which emulates the style of Sa'di Golestan. In this work, Jamie lures the reader into a dialogue with numerous social and literary texts and thus opens up new horizons of dialogue-based worldview for the audience. This research adopts a descriptive-analytical method relied on document analysis. The main purpose of this study is to explain the polyphony in Jamie’ s Baharestan based on the theory of Mikhail Bakhtin. The results suggest that Baharestan is a perfect example of books inspired by the earliest Persian culture and literature, and has become a dialogue-centered atmosphere in which a fusion of ideas and voices emerges. The polyphony of Baharestan text is, one the one hand, the result of simultaneous presence of different voices of equal value, and on the other hand, the outcome of the homonymy of disparate texts, which are created through the following ways: homonymy through literary forms associated with the text, homonymy through dialogues quoted from other texts and homonymy through the influence of different texts.

Despite the development of technology and the effort of educational and psychological systems to make human calm, contemporary humans are more anxious than previous humans. Therefore, the study of calmness and restlessness from Mowlana's point of view, whose works could practically tranquilize the readers in different eras, seems to be important. Using the method of analyzing the couplets, the present paper deals with relaxation and restlessness in Mowlana's thought. The results of the research show that Rumi's training starts from the starting point of recognizing the cause of human restlessness and then focuses on positioning. He considers the human restlessness as an existential restlessness rooted in his soul's need to return to its origin; therefore, he recognizes the great beloved (God) as the real beloved and he knows the connection to him as the target to reach to calmness. He, of course, notifies that virtual calmness can prevent us to achieve the real one. He considers looking for contemporary calmness as the biggest mistake human beings can make; since it leads to anxiety. The specific feature of Mowlawi's thought is that besides distinguishing between ascending restlessness and the restlessness caused by derives, he makes a harmonic connection between romantic calmness and restlessness; because this is the cause of knowing the pain, movement, eliminating the anxiety caused by contempt and it is also the cause for having real peace.

In this study, the definition of the Father King’ s moral characteristics and behavioral skills has been attempted, considering Firdawsi and Fenelon's perspectives. The Father King pattern is a sophisticated one to imply wise and mature behavioral characteristics of a king, who is the father figure to his own nation and endears his people as his own children. The moral characteristics of the Father King are democracy, good service and spirituality, and his behavioral characteristics are knowing people's true nature, distinguishing the cultured from the shallow and the charitable from the deceitful. The Father King has the ability of foreseeing danger and is a prudent character. Fenelon and Firdawsi have aimed to prove the prevention of a king's moral imperfections and biases could help advancement of an ideal regime and the moral characteristics of the king impact on the public's behavior. With the help of the comparative analysis between the two precious French and Persian authors' works, it was conclude that by believing the combination of virtue and governance, Fenelon and Firdawsi have committed themselves to the education and training of kings and princes in order to present a new pattern of thoughtful humans with excellent behavior to the entire mankind.

Literature is creation of beauty in language and didactic literature includes literary works that proceed to teach and guide human beings through a literary and artistic language. Didactic literature in Iran is one of the most extended genres, so that even if a work is not merely considered as didactic or it can be mentioned as epic, lyric or dramatic, it still includes some education. After the analysis of didactic literature in literary and lingual areas, the current essay studies this kind of literature in mental area in which didactic literature is analyzed from educational and literal points of view. There are some indirect educations with the same theme in all kinds of didactic literature. In lyric literature, the education is based on human feelings and meanwhile expressing personal feelings, the poets expresse romantic, mystic, ritual, philosophical and satirical education. Revolutionary education, war and resistance have an important position in epic literature. In dramatic literature, moral and value content is indirectly used in playbook mostly targets children and teenagers. The presence of didactic literature in other kinds of literary works indicates a “ committed literature” in those works.