THE HISTORY OF ISLAMIC CULTURE AND CIVILIZATION
Year:2019 | Volume:10 | Issue:35|Papers Count:6

Contradictory reports about the quality of interaction between Mohammad ibn Hanafiyyah and Sayyed al-Shohada in relation to the Karbala movement indicate the need to evaluate and verify the accuracy of those reports. Ibn Assam's report on the Imam's (AS) written testament to Mohammad Hanafiyyah before leaving Medina, his opposition to the Imam's uprising in Ibn Sa'ad's report, the two letters sent to him by Sayyed al-Shohada from Mecca and Karbala, as well as "The Narrative of Providence" quoted by Ibn Tawus are among such news. The present study seeks to review and criticize these news. Examining the reports reveals the weaknesses of "The Narrative of Providence", Imam's (AS) written testament given to Mohammad Hanafiyyah, and the news of his opposition to his brother's uprising in Mecca. Also, according to a new reading of two letters sent by Imam (AS), the main addressee of the letters was Mohammad Hanafiyyah and Imam (AS) had announced in advance that his family would not reach the government.

Ghadir is the most central controversial issue of the Shiite and Sunni sects. Some works have been consistently compiled to refute, substantiate, or interpret and explain its content. Some Kufians' debate with Abu Hanifa about Ghadir is one of those conversations, first quoted by Ibn Oqdeh (334 AH) and then retold by Mofid (413 AH). Linking to other sciences with a scientific-analytical approach, this paper descriptively and analytically studies Abu Hanifa's commentary on Ghadir and deals with issues such as narrators of news, the content of the hadith, and its temporal proportionality with the intellectual currents of the society. The finding of this study, regardless of the documents deficiencies, is that after the killing of Osman, the community was heavily fueled. Accepting the first two caliphs, the first Murjiʾ ah remained silent against the positions of the next two caliphs. Abu Hanifa, on the basis of reference, analyzed the transmission of the Hadith of Ghadir as a factor in the spread of hostility of the groups and did not consider its publication to be in the public interest of that day.

the European travelers' reports on the Sufi-era Sufism contain exquisite and valuable details as they are written out of the requirements of official historiography. Designed in a descriptive-analytical way, this article attempts to evaluate the reports of the travelers as compared to the works of dissidents, sympathizers, and Sufi scholars. The result showed that the travelers, due to their limited residence and specific routes, did not see the Sufis in many parts of Iran, and therefore their descriptions are not comprehensive. Travelers' reports generally indicate the continued confrontation of the Nemati-Heydari dervishes, the isolationism and remissness of some Sufis, and the dependence of a number of them on the government. Gathering money from passers-by and expressing keramats are also Sufi behaviors that have often been prejudiced and popularized by the travelers. Some Sufi services to the Shiite community and the popularity of the Sufi guardians have also attracted the attention of the travelers. Of course, there are some contradictions in the reports of the travelers, which may be due to the European mentality or the orientation of the translators.

Anbar is a city with a civilizational background and a strategic position among the three Sassanian, Syriac and Greek civilizations, enjoying many privileges. In the Islamic era, it was adjacent to the Umayyad majestic Damascus, the magnificent Baghdad of the Abbasid and Kufa, and the first stronghold of the Muslis' city. The shadow of the greatness of the adjacent areas has always affected Anbar, and it has been neglected by the historians and researchers. In the meantime, Anbar's mediating role in the development and transmission of the Arabic writing has been unique, but neglected. Although the biggest contributions were assigned to Kufa and Hirah, Anbar had been effective in developing and transporting the writing with similar capabilities. By explaining the position of the city of Anbar in the development of the Arabic writing through using library resources, the present article attempts to answer these two questions: What role did the city of Anbar play in the transfer of the Arab writing to the Hejaz? What were its capacities for the development, completion and transfer of the Arabic writing?

The kingship of Shah Abbas was contemporary with one of the most critical period in the Safavid era. One of the main challenges of the Safavid government at this time was how to deal with the neighboring states. One of Shah Abbas's first steps to address the challenges was to enable diplomacy and to send numerous communications to the neighboring states. In addition to introducing the correspondences manuscripts, this research, in a descriptive and analytical manner, seeks to answer this question: What role did political correspondences play in having foreign relations with the neighboring states during the reign of Shah Abbas? The findings indicate that although Shah Abbas I's correspondences did not play an active role in convincing Uzbeks to negotiate and preventing them from invading Khorasan, the continuation of Shah Abbas's correspondences with the Ottomans and Indian Gurkhans played an active role in building confidence in Iran's relations with these governments. It provided Shah Abbas with an opportunity to reclaim the occupied territories.

The historical and intellectual developments underlying the various Islamic sects play a very important role in representing how different theological sects are formed. Therefore, their analysis will yield significant results and is of great importance in the history of theological thoughts. One of these achievements is understanding the background of Sectarian Historiography among the Islamic religions. The present study seeks to address this issue using Laclou's and Mouffe's discourse analysis frameworks to investigate the ongoing conflicts in the Islamic society and its contexts of formation and evolution. In fact, the main issue of this research is to identify and explain the factors that influence the formation of sectarian historiography in the time domain under study, relying on Laclou's and Mouffe's discourse analysis frameworks. The findings indicate that a series of socio-political and religious changes have influenced the process of formation of this style of historiography.