SCIENTIFIC-RESEARCH IRANIAN VETERINARY JOURNAL
Year:2020 | Volume:16 | Issue:3|Papers Count:12

Infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) is a highly contagious viral respiratory disease of chickens. The objective of this study was to evaluate the pathogenicity indices of ILT virus in Bovans White and Lohmann Selected Leghorn (LSL) strains. Following isolation, identification and confirming the virus through molecular and serological tests, the viral titer was calculated by Speaman-karber method. The ILT virus (> 10 3 EID50) was inoculated to thirty 8-week-old pullets of each strain via the intratracheal route. The birds were observed for the clinical signs of ILT up to eight days. There was no significant difference regarding clinical signs, intratracheal pathogenicity index (ITPI) and histopathology index (HPI) between Bovans and LSL stains, respectively. The results of this study indicated that the ILT virus had relatively similar pathogenicity in both strains, however, Bovanse strain may be seen as more sensitive to ILTV than LSL strain due to the higher ITPI and HPI.

Heavy elements are resistant to biological degradation, which accumulation of high levels of their concentration in the aquatic tissues, threaten aquatic health as well as humans. So, the present study aims to measure the concentration and order of accumulated elements in muscle tissue of Wels catfish form Siah Darvishan River as one of the most economical fish species and determining its health safety for human nutrition. In this research, accumulation of eleven heavy elements (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Se and Zn) in the muscle tissue of 20 Wels catfish (Silurus glanis) caught by using the cast net in summer 2016 from Siah Darvishan River (Guilan province, Iran) were digested with CEM closed vessel microwave digestion system then measured and evaluated by Varian ® atomic absorption spectroscopy. The minimum and maximum of accumulated elements have been observed, as follows: Zinc 28. 74-30. 95, Iron 23. 75-26. 41, Copper 6. 33-7. 61, Manganese 2. 58-3. 11, Lead 0. 55-0. 63, Cadmium 0. 44-0. 52, Selenium 0. 37-0. 42, Arsenic 0. 36-0. 43, Chromium 0. 16-0. 18, Nickel 0. 16-0. 18 and Mercury 0. 079-0. 095 microgram per gram dry weight, respectively. According to the obtained results of this research, the mean concentrations of all studied elements in the muscle tissue of Wels catfish, except the four heavy elements; Cadmium (0. 477 ± 0. 040), Arsenic (0. 386 ± 0. 035), Lead (0. 587 ± 0. 037) and Manganese (2. 882 ± 0. 271), has been observed below than the threshold limit value (TLV) specified by (FAO/WHO) international standard.

Clostridium perfringens type D is the cause of an acute and fatal disease; called enterotoxemia which mostly infects sheep and goats. This study aimed to evaluate the pathological, bacteriological, serological and molecular aspects of this disease in sheep in city of Ahvaz. During 23 months, 20 suspected sheep (based on clinical history) were taken for routine necropsy and required specimens were prepared for complementary studies. In 50% of the cases, sudden death was reported as the most obvious clinical finding. The most common pathological lesions were endocardial hemorrhage (70%) interstitial pneumonia (65%) brain haemorrhage and edema (60%) and acute tubular necrosis (65%). Moreover, in 50% of the cases, glucosuria was also noted. The conventional bacteriological methods on the intestinal content showed 6 suspected strains of C. perfringens which in the PCR method, four were identified as type A and two as type C and D, (each one). The toxin detection in the intestinal content was performed using indirect Elisa test the results of which were consistent with PCR findings. Assuming the brain lesions and glucosuria as indicators of type D enterotoxemia, the disease was suspected at least 50% of the cases, which however didn’ t match with finding of the other tests, so it needs to be studied more. The findings of the present study revealed the importance of freshness of samples in the results of tests that can be used to trace C. perfringens and their toxins. Furthermore, considering the history of vaccination in most of the animals studied, the principles of vaccination in local farms are questionable.

In this study, the effects of different times of hCG injection were evaluated on reproductive performance and serum progesterone concentration of Torki-Ghashghaei ewes superovulated with eCG during the fall season. The estrus cycles of all ewes (N = 60, 2 or 3-year-old, mean body weight = 52± 1. 9 Kg) were synchronized by using progesterone sponges for a period of 12 days, and one day before the removal of sponges, 600 IU eCG were injected. The animals were divided into four groups according to not receiving (control) and receiving hCG on different days (1, 7 and 12 after estrus). The results indicated that there were not any significant differences in the number of delivered ewes and the rate of lambing among different groups, but the maximum amounts of those parameters were observed in the group receiving hCG on the seventh day. The fecundity difference among different treatment groups had tendency to significantly and this characteristic was higher in group receiving hCG on seventh day after mating, compared to other groups. The results showed that serum progesterone concentrations of pregnant, delivered, single and multiple-bearing ewes were significantly higher in hCG treated groups compared to control, but it was not any significantly difference among hCG treated groups. Overall, the results of this study indicated that hCG injection in different times after estrus increased serum progesterone concentration compared to control group and fecundity rate was higher in group receiving hCG on seventh day after mating, compared to other groups (P=0. 07).

Providing the health of calves play a major role in their growth and the profitability of the flock. The purpose of the present study was to determine the relationship between the occurrence of different diseases in newborn calves with weight gain and increasing their height and also the relationship between neonatal diseases and mortality rates with some factors due to the calf and its environment. This study was performed on 1595 male and female calves in 8 dairy farms of the Mashhad suburb. After taking some information about the general characteristics of farms, items consist of the rate of involvement with various diseases, mortality rate and the time of its occurrence during the 80-day study period were recorded. The biometric parameters consist of weight and height at birth, 40 and 80 days after birth were also measured. The relationship between diseases with growth indicators (weight and height) were evaluated by generalized linear model test and between independent variables including gender, the season of birth, type of parturition (eutocia or dystocia), type of birth (one or twin), parity of cow and birth weight of the calves with involvement in diarrhea, pulmonary infection and other diseases and the chance of death was analyzed by the logistic regression test. Diarrhea, arthritis, bloat, Navel and eye infections caused a significant decrease in weight gaining of calves, whereas only diarrhea had a significant effect on height. The mortality rate was 3. 89 percent, which occurred from 1 to 78 days old. The most important causes of calf mortality at lower ages were physical injuries, genetic defects, meningitis, diarrhea and septicemia, and at upper ages were pulmonary involvement, diarrhea and arthritis. The chance of involvement with diarrhea and pulmonary infection in twins was significantly greater than singles, the odds of this infection in calves born with dystocia, in the warm season and high birth weight were greater than the corresponding groups. The mortality in twins, male calves and those born in the warm season were higher than the corresponding groups.

Hypocalcemia is a metabolic disorder in cows that is associated with the incidence of several diseases in early lactation. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of 25hydroxyvitamin D3 supplementation before calving and postpartum calcium chloride bolus compared with bolus calcium chloride alone in cows receiving acidogenic diet in late pregnancy. Two hundred and forty multiparous Holstein dairy cows were assigned to one of three groups of 80 cows. Group 1 received daily 3 mg of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 capsule starting a maximum of 5 days before the anticipated parturition date and administered 50 g Ca as a CaCl2 bolus at calving and 12 h later. Group 2 received 50 g Ca as a CaCl2 bolus at calving and 12 h later. Group 3 was fed the acidogenic diet. Serum concentrations of Ca, P and Mg were measured by conventional methods and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 levels by HPLC. The results showed that serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 in the first group significantly increased after the vitamin D3 capsule administration. Pre-partum calcium level in group I was significantly higher than group II and group III and the postpartum level was higher in group I and group II than group III. Phosphorus values were significant at different times but were not affected by the interaction between group and time. Serum magnesium changes showed significant effect at different times but were not affected by different groups. This study showed that the administration of 3 mg of vitamin D supplementation for up to 5 days before parturition is effective in improved calcium homeostasis.

In recent years, the use of natural substances in nanoparticle forms in the aquatic animal diet is routine to improve the growth performance, immune system, disease resistance and fillet quality. In this study for the first time, the effects of zeolite/chitosan and zeolite/nanochitosan composites in rainbow trout diet on fillet quality were evaluated. Therefore, six treatment diets including zeolite/chitosan and zeolite/nanochitosan composites were prepared as follows: control group (without any additives), Z group (with 14. 28 g kg-1 zeolite), Ch0. 5% group (with -1 0. 5 g kg chitosan loaded in 14. 28 g kg-1 zeolite), Ch5% group (with 5 g kg-1 chitosan loaded in 14. 28 g kg-1 zeolite), NCh0. 5% group (with 0. 5 g kg-1 nanochitosan loaded in 14. 28 g kg-1 zeolite) and NCh5% group (with 5 g kg-1 nanochitosan loaded in 14. 28 g kg-1 zeolite). Prepared diets were fed to rainbow trout with a mean weight 50 g for 60 days. On day 60, fish were weighed, and growth parameters were evaluated. Then, microbiological and chemical parameters during three months period in freezing storage temperature (-18) were studied. Results showed that growth performance was enhanced in all treatment groups, but bacterial growth did not change by experimental diets. Meanwhile, lipid peroxidation product and peroxide value significantly decrease in fish fillet administrated with NCh5% diet. This study showed that the administration of zeolit/nanochitosan composite at 5g/kg to rainbow trout diet could improve the fish fillet in terms of chemical characteristics.

Vitrification removed many of the problems related to cryopreservation of oocytes and embryos. On the hand, some problems related to in vitro produced embryos may indicate any alteration in embryonic genome transcription. The present study aimed to investigate whether oocyte vitrification may alter expression of a gene that can change following environmental stress, i. e., HSP70 or not. Total of 120 immature germinal vesicle stage ovine cumulus oocyte complexes (COC) were retrieved from abattoir collected ovine ovaries. The COCs were subjected to vitrification in HTCM based (with 20% FBS) media as V1: DMSO (10 %), Ethylene glycol (10 %) for 30 min, V2: DMSO (10 %), Ethylene glycol (10 %) and 0. 5 M sucrose immediately left on the cryotop device and immersed within liquid nitrogen. At least after 48 hrs of vitrification, the oocytes were warmed in warming solutions as W1: basic medium with 1 M sucrose, W2: basic medium and 0. 5 M sucrose and W3 basic medium and 0. 25 M sucrose, each of them for 5 min. The vitrified-warmed COCs (n=60) and fresh COCs (n=60) were subjected to routine IVM, IVF and IVC procedures of the laboratory with SOF based media. The developmental stages of oocytes were compared and the expression rate of HSP70 to an average of β-actin and B2m genes expressions were compared between blastocysts and oocytes before and after vitrification. The results of the study showed the impact of vitrification of germinal vesicle stage oocytes on the next developmental competence of the respected embryos in all stages. The expression of HSP70 was significantly different between oocytes and blastocysts; however the vitrification of immature ovine oocytes did not affect the expression rate of HSP70 in oocytes the respective blastocysts. In conclusion, vitrification does not affect the vitrified ovine immature oocytes and the next developed blastocysts.

High starch (glucogenic, insulinogenic) rations are used for long periods during lactation because of their positive effect on milk production. Also, during the first weeks of lactation, they can improve fertility through preventing severe declines in blood glucose and insulin levels and modifying the level of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA). However, it has been said that high starch rations may have negative effects on fertility if they are used after the termination of negative energy balance during the breeding period of the cows. In this study, changes in the plasma concentrations of insulin, glucose and NEFA were correlations of the measured parameters with days open of the cows were also assessed. Thirty lactating cows with a voluntary waiting period of 50 days were sampled for blood on days 60, 90 and 120 of lactation. Insulin increased through the study and had higher concentrations on days 90 and 120 compared to day 60. Glucose level decreased during the study and its concentration was lower on day 120 compared to days 60. There was an increasing trend in NEFA concentrations during the study period so that it had higher concentrations on days 90 and 120 compared to day 60. Insulin showed a negative correlation with glucose and a positive correlation with NEFA during the study. There was no correlation between the measured parameters and days open of the cows. Blood insulin concentration may increase in mid-lactation cows with high-starch rations but affection of fertility by high levels of insulin cannot be concluded.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum isolated from traditional Semnan cheese on serum total oxidant and antioxidant status, oxidative stress index and some biochemical parameters in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Twenty-four male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups (six rats in each group) including; negative control, positive control (diabetic control), probiotic control and diabetic rats received Lactobacillus plantarum suspension at a dose of 10 CFU / ml by gavage. Lactobacillus plantarum bacteria identification was performed by mMRS culture and isolation of single colonies and the use of specific biochemical tests and molecular identification of lactobacilli based on the amplification of 16s rRNA gen using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Hyperglycemia was induced in 12 male rats by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (65mg/kg) (diabetic untreated, and diabetic-probiotic groups). The healthy and diabetic rats treated by probiotic in groups 3 and 4 received probiotic on the 6 8 th day of the study (five days after STZ injection). Fasting blood sugar (FBS) was monitored on days 0 (primary blood glucose), 6 and 21 of the experiment, and serum lipid profile and total oxidant, and antioxidant parameters and oxidative stress index of the rats were measured at the end of the experiment. The results of this study showed that Lactobacillus plantarum suspension at a dose of 10 8 CFU / ml doses in treated diabetic rats significantly decreased (P<0. 05) fasting blood glucose, triglyceride, total oxidant parameter and the oxidative stress index compared to the control group. For the first, the results of this study indicated that probiotic lactobacillus plantarum isolated from Semnan traditional cheese had the potential to reduce hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia and oxidative stress in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.

In this study, the effects of selenium nanoparticles on the reproductive performance of rainbow trout breeders (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were investigated. A total of 84 male reproductive strains were selected from among the breeders of the Genetic and Genetic Research Center of Shahid Motahari Yasouj. After adaptation, the fish were divided into 4 experimental groups with 3 replications. Male broilers fed with commercial foods (without selenium nanoparticles) (control group) and male brooders fed diets containing 0. 5, 1 and 2 milligrams of selenium nanoparticles per kilogram of diet. After evaluating the quantity and quality of sperm, replication and fertilization were performed for different groups using female oocytes. The results showed that the highest volume of sperm and the highest sperm density were observed in rainbow trout fed with 2 mg selenium nanoparticles per kilogram of diet. The lowest sperm volume was observed in the control and 0. 5 mg selenium nanoparticles and the lowest sperm density was observed in the control group. The duration of sperm motility in fish fed diets containing selenium nanoparticles (0. 5, 1 and 2 mg) was significantly higher than that of the control group fed with selenium nanoparticle diet. No significant difference was found between the percentage of sperm motility and spermatocrit between experimental groups. The highest percentage of fertilization, laceration and hatching of eggs were from rainbow trout breeders fed with 2 mg nano-selenium per kilogram of diet. In this study, the supplementation of the male breeder diet with selenium nanoparticles did not have a significant effect on progeny survival at the onset of active feeding. Selenium nanoparticles seem to have a positive effect on hatching eggs ob n embryos and larvae, but in the onset of active nutrition, there is no significant effect on the survival of larvae. selenium nanoparticles of diet improve the reproductive performance in male rainbow trout.

Iodine and selenium have been identified as essential elements for animal health. Primary or secondary deficiencies of soil and forage iodine could be associated with thyroid glands dysfunction and abortion and selenium deficiency could be related to white muscle disease and decreased fertility in sheep. This study was aimed to evaluate the association of iodine, selenium and sulfur of soil and pastoral forages with serum levels of thyroid hormones and enzyme activity of glutathione peroxidase in sheep in Ramhormoz city, southwestern Iran. Four areas in Ramhormoz city were selected and eight soil samples, 8 forage samples (2 samples from each zone) and 60 sheep serum samples (15 samples from each zone) were obtained. With alkaline digesting, the soil samples were read by ICP-OES method. Forage samples were also analyzed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Serum levels of thyroid hormones and glutathione peroxidase enzyme activity (GPx) were measured by laboratory kits. The mean values of sulfur content in soil (2010± 658 mg/kg) and forage (21443± 2999 mg/kg) were significantly higher compared to its standard levels (p< 0. 01). The mean iodine and selenium of forage and serum thyroid hormones were in the normal range compared to the standard values. The mean sheep blood activity of GPx in two areas was in deficient status and two other areas were in the marginal levels. In conclusion, the amount of forage iodine in all areas was sufficient to meet the nutritional needs of sheep, and the levels of thyroid hormones were in the normal range. It seems, besides selenium was sufficient in forage, the high levels of soil and forage sulfur resulted in reducing selenium bioavailability for sheep as well as a deficiency to borderline deficiency status for GPx in sheep in the study area.