JOURNAL OF LESAN MOBEEN
Year:2020 | Volume:11 | Issue:40|Papers Count:6

Power and ideology are two key concepts in the critical discourse approach, making discourse meaningful to maintain or change social relations. Power is the productive force of common ideology in the ruling class of the society, and the powerful groups have been able to consolidate their ideology and achieve their goals by relying on the hegemony and cultural guidance of the people. Ideology is a set of beliefs and values, which is a tool for establishing and legitimizing unequal power relations in a society based on critical discourse. Ideology covers a set of beliefs and values that play a decisive role in power relations. It is an instrument for establishing unequal power relations in society and giving it legitimacy in critical discourse. The usefulness of examining power relations and ideology via critical discourse analysis is that the analyst seeks to discover the mechanism of social inequality at the substrates of the discourse. The novel is an example with many underpinnings via which the writer critically criticizes class distance, the unfair power distribution, and authoritarianism. The present descriptive-analytical study aims to investigate the imbalance of power in situational contexts and to analyze the ideology behind the discourse. Therefore, the discourse of the novel that is based on the analytical approach suggests these results: some linguistic features such as vocabulary, conditional clauses, tense, and simile play a significant role in highlighting the inequality of power distribution and establishing the opposition of the parties to the discourse. The discourse has two contexts that are different in terms of social, cultural, and worldview classes. Discourse, based on the ideology of authoritarianism, establishes social relations to achieve personal gain and with the slogan of service for service. Moreover, liberal ideology and values represent absurd traditions and anti-woman society. It represents a failed attempt to achieve freedom, defined in terms of wealth, fame, and power. This confrontation, the inequality of power, and gender discrimination make Beirut a violent land reflected in the words of the characters.

Narratology, as one of the branches of literary criticism, particularly structural criticism, is a new science studying the structural elements of narrative stories. In this context, many theorists have emerged that each one of them proposed a special model for the analysis of narrative texts. Among these theorists is Gé rard Genette, the French critic and structural theorist. His theory is based on the distinction between three levels of narrative, including story, narrative, and narration. Genette explores the relationship between these levels through three elements of time, mood, and voice. This research uses a descriptive-analytical approach to study the narrative mood of the novel “ Iraqi Dog’ s Negotiations” as a kind of memoir, written by Abdul Hadi Sadoun, who is an Iraqi novelist. This study is done according to Genet’ s theory to evaluate the narrator's narrative information. The mood is a general term that refers to the narrator's relationship with the story and includes distance, perspective, or focus. The results of this study indicate that the distance between the narrator and the story in this novel increases and decreases with the direct, indirect, and indirect free speech, and the novel is narrated by the perspective of the first individual narrator who is the main character of the story. Therefore, the narrative center of this work is internal.

The deviation is one of the topics discussed in the school of formalism. The founders of the theory have taken steps to deviate from the norms, rules of language, and have identified these deviation techniques as one of the ways of creating literature. Meanwhile, Jeffrey Leech, as one of the prominent figures of English formalism, has classified these deviations into eight types, including written deviation. Hence, this article seeks to extract a variety of written deviations in Arabic macro-narratives by focusing on 11 micro-series (857 stories) from Morocco through an analytical-inductive method. It assumes that deviations can be identified even in multi-line and multi-word short-short stories, as there are some techniques used in short-short stories that have never been used in poetry. The choice of the narrations of Morocco is because the flourishing of micro-narratives was significantly manifested in this country. The obtained results of this study show that the most convenient deviation methods used in Arabic Morocco micro-narratives including spacing the words, using loan words from other languages, segmentation of lines with numbers, unusual use of punctuations. On the one hand, the purpose of the Morocco writer is to draw the attention of the reader and to highlight that part of the short-short story, which is different from the rest. On the other hand, the Morocco writer attempts to harmonize the structure with the content.

The stream of consciousness is a kind of direct monologue in the novel, it includes many changes, fluctuations, flow and interaction between the past and the present. It means the continuous flow of ideas into the mind or the flow of thought internally and mentally. Therefore, the sentences of the awareness stream are often fragmented and the ideas of their characters are not connected. This is what we want to study in our current research. Our approach followed in this research is descriptive analytical approach, we write of narration, time, and poetic language in the novel “ Falling in the Sun” as classified in the theory of the stream of consciousness. This novel is a social and romantic novel based on the philosophy of love, sacrifice and waiting. Here we conclude the summary with the most important results obtained: If we were to enter the novel, We will find the sources of women’ s frustration, oppression and failure, When the novelist presented an important turning point in the issue of feminist narration and this is represented in the Direct internal dialogue, and he removes Shaalan from the novel, Besides the self-talk, assuming the other is constantly present, also we have the association of meanings and a departure from the linear logic of time and the sequence of events for access the montage language and the poetic language is also evident in the novel. This research is essential, because it examines new patterns in the Arabic novel.

Criticism of Archetypal is a modern theory of literary criticism. This theory is based on the theories of Yung and his views on psychoanalytic criticism. This theory discovers the fact of archetypes and repetitive elements in literature or literary text in particular and shows how to attract them by the mind of the writer or poet. A stream of consciousness method narrates the novel. This novel is the first Arabic novel that is very artistic and symbolic. It refers to the pains of some Arabic countries that were at war with ISIS and, in particular, with the expression of real places and events. Moreover, it expresses the effect of destruction and pain on the people of Eyzadiyeh, Sinjar and Sbaykr. This study tries to investigate characters and symbols in Raghse Aljadile va Alnahr novel by using the archetypal criticism method. Studies indicate that this novel is full of archetypes, and as the novel is a psychological novel, it can be studied by archetypal theory. Wafaa devoted a large part of the novel to the characterization and properties of their spiritual. This has helped to discover the archetypes of the story. Furthermore, the author was able to show ISIS with all malice genesis in his novel by using the archetype of evil.

Function-based linguistics analyzes language by examing contextual elements and relying on a usage-based approach. The purpose of this study is the semantic-pragmatic explanation of the two syntactic functions of the subject as the main purpose of the function view the sentence and the object as the secondary purpose of the sentence. The author attempts to analyze the syntactic functions in the Arabic language as a null sub, drop-pro, and free word order language sub by a descriptive-analytic method based on Simon Dick's Functional Grammar (FG) and the views of some theorists of the cognitive approach such as Filmore. The results of the study show that in the Arabic language, the function of the agent can be attributed at the semantic level to the active, recipient, objective, and time and location-dependent structures. At the cognitive-functional level, the topicalization is completed by the use of subject LD, or focusing is done by moving the construct to the beginning of the sentence. The passive hybrid function can also be attributed to actionable structures, purpose, and temporal and spatial dependencies. At the pragmatic level, it is also used as a "clitic LD" or Focusing. However, the construct, which is known as the indirect object in the traditional syntax, can benefit in the "possessive" and "causative" predicates of the semantic function of the "goal, " and in the raising predicates of the semantic function of the "recipient/beneficiary. " Topicalization and focusing on this structure are also done by moving to the beginning of the sentence.