ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS MANAGEMENT
Year:2018 | Volume:5 | Issue:2|Papers Count:6

Effective prevention and coping with natural disasters as harmful events are among the most important concerns of policymakers and administrators in various areas of community affairs. Although decades ago, criminology was not noticed to the natural disasters, however, nowadays, under the influence of zemiological approaches, natural disasters, as one of the examples of state crime, are under the attention of thinkers in the field of crime criminology. Thus, the examination of these hazards from the point of view of criminal investigations can more and more determine the role of the state in this field. Translational Criminology is from the point of view of practice, including criminal investigations, which emphasize the operation of existing data and information, attempts to provide practical measures for events and phenomena. Therefore, the main purpose of this paper is the feasibility of the explanation of natural disaster with the Translational Criminological approach. The main question of this research is that, how can analyze natural disaster with using Translational Criminological approach, and provided guidelines for coping with these disaster and preventing them. In this regard, due to the nature of the data and the desired goals, it has been attempted to answer this question by carrying out qualitative research and using the theory of the basis. In addition, the method of data collection has been used in library and document sources. Accordingly, this approach seeks to provide the best response to any event by means of giving objectivity to available information and data by defining the three stages of risk assessment, decision-making and risk management. Regarding natural disasters, this criminal approach also involves collecting information and statistics on the possibility and probability of occurrence of hazards (risk assessment), explaining and defining the steps to respond to the incident that has occurred (decision making). Then, the presentation of strategies and guidelines for preventing risk reoccurrence, attempts to present operational solutions to reduce the risks of damage, prevent them from occurring, and explain the responsibilities of the executives and authorities.

Today, the risk of certain behaviors and the concern for ensuring the safety and health of the community in front of them has led to the development of relevant crime pillars under the influence of new knowledge, including hazard knowledge, in criminal law. All crimes have three important pillars: the pillars of the law (crime prediction as a criminal offense in the law), material pillars (elements that characterize criminal behavior, and only with the circumstances in which the crime is committed), the spiritual pillar (observer elements to the mental and mental state of the perpetrator, according to which the crime may be attributed to the perpetrator. For each crime, the legislator recognizes various elements and elements of these criminal behaviors, and therefore any crime, despite the fact that these three pillars are entirely presented, will have different components and conditions under these triple elements...

The analysis of human hazards of urban community and investigating urbanization perspective is necessary to address high-risk behaviors and behavioral uncertainties such as behavioral biases, aggression, vandalism, and social imbalance in the lives of families and predictors in Iran. The risky behaviors such as vandalism, acts of chastity, deviant behavior, and even war are affected by excitement and improper emotion expression. Improper styles of emotional expressiveness are a strong predictor of high-risk behavior. Also, emotional expressiveness is a key factor which prevent mood and Psychological disorders and social harms in facing disasters and natural hazards. This study aims to investigate the effect of Therapy by Transactional Analysis in comparison with Solution Focused Therapy on collegian's Emotional Expressiveness. This is a quasi-experimental study. The Emotional Expression questionnaire is used to identify the collegian's Emotional Expressiveness as the pre-test and the post-test. Statistical society of this study comprised of University of Art's collegians in Tehran. For this purpose, firstly, collegians of the University of Art were asked to complete the emotional expressiveness questionnaire so that, collegians with low emotional expressiveness could be identified. Then, 54 collegians were randomly selected as the statistical sample. These 54 collegians randomly divided into 3 groups, and each group comprised of 18 collegians. Two groups were considered as the Experimental Groups, and one group was considered as the Control Group. Each Experimental Groups had 10 intervention sessions of therapy by two different types of (Transactional Analysis (TA) & Solution Focused Therapy (SFT)) approaches. A post-test was taken in the end, from all groups. One month after the end of sessions, a follow up session was held, and Emotional Expression questionnaire was taken again from all groups and then the results were compared with each other. The statistical methods used in this study are descriptive statistics (mean) and inferential statistics (the frequency measurement variance analysis method). The results showed significant efficacy in symptoms of Emotional Expressiveness in collegians under SFT experimental group and the results were compared with the control group (p<0. 001), and results also showed significant reduction in symptoms of Emotional Expressiveness in collegians under TA experimental group and compared with the control group (p<0. 001). Final results showed that Solution Focused Therapy is more effective than Transactional Analysis to increase emotional expression (p>0. 04).

Introduction: It seems it is difficult to give a comprehensive definition on environmental hazards and risks. Burton and Keith has defined them as physical elements of the environment that are harmful to humans and created by external forces superior to human power. (Smith; 1392, 17). Generally speaking, a comprehensive definition of risk is that it implies a serious incident, phenomenon, process, situation or activity that may be harmful to a person, population, society and environment. (Moghimi, 2014, 12) Environmental hazards become crisis, if not managed and controlled. The crisis, as defined by the World Health Organization, is a severe environmental and psychosocial disruption that goes well beyond the capacity of community acceptance )WHO 1992). Iran has been exposed to various dangers; one of these risks, which sometimes confronts the country with a crisis is an earthquake. Just last year, more than one hundred earthquakes higher than 4 magnitudes occurred in different parts of the country. Karaj earthquake on December 2017, perhaps was the most important earthquake in the last year. Although this earthquake did not have fatalities, it is important because of its impact on Tehran's metropolis. Materials & Methods: In order to reduce the damages of hazards and crises, a planning is required by a variety of tools, including the media. To this end, in order to produce a suitable model in the field of news coverage, dissemination of information, and communication, the contents of six widely published newspapers including: Hamshahri, Iran, Kayhan, Shargh, Shahrvad, and Javan, have been analyzed after Mahdasht earthquake for a period of 3 days. Results: The result shows that performance of the newspapers for, dissemination of information could not satisfy the needs of audiences. Therefore, the principle of circulation of news was inadequate and they followed the natural law approach. The use of cyberspace and social media for informing, as well as new ways of journalism, such as infographics in the press, is diminishing, and this requires more attention and action. The strategy of the newspapers in terms of calmness of society was inadequate. Most of the material of the newspapers was produced by journalists itself and the published material was without conflict, which indicates the accuracy of the published material. The approach of most newspapers was eventful and less relevant to analytical articles.

In recent years, valuable experiences have been gained in relation to environmental challenges, as well as pipeline risk management in the United States and Europe, in relation to the design and stabilization of pipelines, including the knowledge of geomorphological hazards, in particular the erosion hazards of the stream. It has helped to reduce the risk, and identify the response and response of the stream and rivers. In this paper, Pipeline Risk Screening Matrix studies the hazards of the geomorphology of the stream pipelines in the Iran gas trunk – line 9 (IGAT 9), in Khuzestan province. For this purpose, seven hydro-geomorphological data including scale, landscape sensitivity, stream type, riparian corridor, bank characteristics, bed characteristics and hydrologic regime were used. In the pipeline risk axis, three nominal scales include: Low risk, medium risk, and high risk were used to estimate the risk profile of the pipeline in relation to the increase or decrease of response and river responses. The results of this study showed that from the seven classes of the studied, the type stream is low-intermediate risk stream response and three classes, the riparian corridor, bed characteristics and hydrological regime are Medium risk. Bed characteristics and scale are medium-high risk and the landscape sensitivity high risk stream response. Overall, the class of risk stream response in IGAT 9, is medium – high risk stream response class...

Air pollution is one of the environmental challenges of today's world in most major cities. Considering the importance of atmospheric conditions in the occurrence of air pollution, this study was conducted to investigate the relationship between urban pollution and atmospheric conditions of Tabriz. At first, 32 air pollution periods (125 days) were identified in Tabriz by studying changes in PM10, CO and SO2 during 2008-2013. In order to create the database, 12 effective climate variables were collected at the mentioned days, and their correlation with the changes in the concentration of pollutants were investigated through descriptive analysis, Pearson correlation statistics and stepwise regression. The descriptive analysis of the values of the sustainability indices showed that the KI index in 12% of the cases and the TTI index in the 17-day period was between relatively unstable and relatively stable range, and in the rest of the cases, there was complete stability. The horizontal visibility proved to be between 600 and 10000 m, while the air temperature was between 12. 6 to 21. 7 Tº C, which fell down to below zero at 37 days. Surface pressure in 91% of days was more than 1015 hpa, and the maximum daily wind speed in 64% cases was less than 5 m/s. A quantitative analysis of the inversion layer characteristics indicated that its Δ T average with 4. 89 Tº C is in intensive category...